People v. Dunbar, 377 N.W.2d 262, 423 Mich. 380
Juvenile Crime Episode, "Wayne County: A New Perspective," 1985, Box 15, William Lucas Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Macomb Crime Hearing, July 7, 1987, Folder 6, Box 2, RG 89-4, Michigan Legislature, House of Representatives, Special Committee on Crime, Archives of Michigan
Dearborn Crime Hearing, July 6, 1987, Folder 6, Box 2, RG 89-4, Michigan Legislature, House of Representatives, Special Committee on Crime, Archives of Michigan
Detroit Crime Hearing, July 6, 1987, Folder 6, Box 2, RG 89-4, Michigan Legislature, House of Representatives, Special Committee on Crime, Archives of Michigan
Macomb County Crime Hearing Transcription
Striving For Justice, Report of the Michigan House of Representatives Bi-Partisan Special Committee on Crime in Michigan, 1987, F5 Special Committee on Crime, Hearings, Final report, 1987, Box 3, Michigan House, 1987 Special Committee on Crime: hearings and subject files, 1984-1988 (RG 89-4), Archives of Michigan
Paul C. Friday, “Testimony to the Michigan House of Representatives Legislative Committee on Crime,” July 13, 1987, F7 Special Committee On Crime, Hearings, Grand Rapids, 1987, Box 2, Michigan House, 1987 Special Committee on Crime: hearings and subject files, 1984-1988 (RG 89-4), Archives of Michigan.
Macomb County Crime Hearing Recommendations
Eric Freedman, "Freeing of convicted killer brings call for law changes," Detroit News, November 22, 1985: 13.
Eric Freedman, “Juvenile offenders stir debate,” Detroit News, February 25, 1986: 1, 14.
Robert Ankeny, “Child crime puts officials ‘against wall,’” Detroit News, April 22, 1984: 3, 8.
Paul C. Friday, “Testimony to the Michigan House of Representatives Legislative Committee on Crime,” July 13, 1987, F7 Special Committee On Crime, Hearings, Grand Rapids, 1987, Box 2, Michigan House, 1987 Special Committee on Crime: hearings and subject files, 1984-1988 (RG 89-4), Archives of Michiga
Sharon Gire, “Introduction,” July 7, 1987, F5 Special Committee On Crime, Hearings, Detroit, 1987, Box 2, Michigan House, 1987 Special Committee on Crime: hearings and subject files, 1984-1988 (RG 89-4), Archives of Michigan
Special Committee on Crime 1987 Member Photograph
Michigan Department of State, "Michigan Manual," 1987-88.
Senate Fiscal Agency, HB 5800: "Michigan Youth Correctional Facility: First Analysis," July 11, 2006, https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Bills/Bill?ObjectName=2006-HB-5800
Adult and Juvenile (16 and Under) Murder Arrests in Detroit, 1978-1987
Created from Homer C. Hawkins, “The Young Black Offender in Michigan,” in The State of Black Michigan, 1967-2007, eds. Joe T. Darden, Curtis Stokes, and Richard W. Thomas (Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2007), 179-213
"Juvenile crime on the rise in Wayne County" graph in Detroit Free Press, 1988
Jack Kresnak, "Officials blame drugs for rise in youth crime," Detroit Free Press, Mar. 7, 1988
Excerpt from "Officials blame drugs for rise in youth crime," with graph on juvenile crime rise over years
"Kids, Courts, and Crime," Wayne County: A New Perspective, Oct. 19-29, 1984, (2:25-5:54)
"Kids, Courts, and Crime," Wayne County: A New Perspective, Oct. 19-29, 1984, Box 19, William Lucas Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan (2:25-5:54)
"Prosecutor's Office/Prison Reform Commission," Clip from Wayne County: A New Perspective, (15:23-17:38)
"Prosecutor's Office/Prison Reform Commission," Wayne County: A New Perspective, n.d. [mid-1980s], Box 21, William Lucas Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Engler's Speech to the Prosecuting Attorneys Association 1995
John Engler, "Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan/Mackinac Conference," July 27, 1995, Juvenile Justice Reform, Press Release (1995), Box 219, Governor John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Laurie VanderPloeg, "Michigan Department of Corrections Investigative Report," May 4, 2005, Disability Rights Michigan
"March 17, 2005 (Page 12 of 72)." 2005., Mar 17Lansing State Journal (1980-)318, 12. https://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/march-17-2005-page-12-72/docview/2037206320/se-2.
Ad Hoc Committee (Excerpt) tertiary programs (1989)
Excerpt from Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Existing programs pointed out by MCCD, 1989, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice (2), Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Ad Hoc Committee (Excerpt) Pat Clark representing MCCD with stats (1989)
Excerpt from Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Pat Clark Representing MCCD with stats, 1989, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice (2), Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Continuum of Juvenile Delinquency Services by DSS (Excerpt) (1987)
Excerpt From Continuum of Juvenile Delinquency Services provided by Michigan Department of Social Services, February, 1987, Folder: Crime Package Chrono April-Oct 88, Box 41, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Memo from PAAM to Gov.'s Partners Against Crime (1989) Corrections Policies
Memo from Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan, to Governor's Partners Against Crime, on Corrections Policies, 1989, Folder: Legal, Topical, Partners Against Crime 1989, Box 141, James Blanchard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Memo from PAAM to Blanchard, etc. on Corrections Policies (1989)
Memo from Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan to James Blanchard, the Michigan Legislature, and Criminal Justice Leaders of Michigan, "Comprehensive Corrections Policies for Michigan," September 18, 1989, Folder: Partners Against Crime, Box 353, James Blanchard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
"Youth Prison to be Privately Run," Detroit Free Press, October 5, 1995
"Youth prison to be privately run," Detroit Free Press, October 5, 1995, General Edition
(Excerpt) "Task force wants law on juveniles rescinded," in Detroit Free Press, 1989
Excerpt from Jack Kresnak, "Task force wants law on juveniles rescinded," Detroit Free Press, Apr. 17, 1989
Memo from PAAM (Excerpt) "Prison's Purpose" (1989)
Memo from Prosecuting Attorneys Association to Gov. Blanchard (Excerpt), on "Prison's Purpose" (1989), Folder: Partners Against Crime, Box 353, James Blanchard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Michigan Youth Correctional Facility Aerial View
The Geo Group, Inc, “2003 Annual Report," https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/t/NYSE_GEO_2003.pdf
MCCD Juvenile Data on Juvenile Apprehensions (1989)
Excerpt on Juvenile Apprehension from Michigan Council on Crime and Delinquency's Juvenile Data, 1989, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice- Juvenile Waiver Package, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Michigan Council on Crime and Delinquency Waiver Letter to Rep. Lynn Jondahl, Folder: Folder 5, Box 12, Rep. H. Lynn Jondahl Collection, State Archives
(not sure it can be used) "Justice Delayed" (Excerpt) Wayne County (1985)
"Justice Delayed," Wayne County Expose, 1985, Folder: Folder 4, Box 21, Rep. H. Lynn Jondahl Collection, State Archives
Waiver Testimony by MFPCFA to Jondahl (1987)
Testimony on proposed waiver by Michigan Federation of Private Child and Family Agencies sent to H. Jondahl, 1987, Folder: Folder 4, Box 21, Rep. H. Lynn Jondahl Collection, State Archives
Michael Bennane Waiver Bill 4602, Bruce Timmons Collection, Box 88, Folder 1987-88 Juvenile Justice Subcommittee
Wayne County Prosecutor on Waiver, Bruce Timmons Collection, Box 88, Folder 1987-88 Juvenile Justice Subcommittee
Detroit News (Detroit, Michigan), December 29, 1986: 6. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A143B808DB2B45FAC%40WHNPX-16954436B4ECE3AF%402446794-168E7172AFD56E6E%405-168E7172AFD56E6E%40.
Kids Kill, Kids Die (Part 4) The Detroit News 1986
"Kids Kill, Kids Die: Part Four," The Detroit News, December 31st, 1986.
Kids Kill, Kids Die (Part 3) The Detroit News 1986
"Kids Kill, Kids Die: Part Three," The Detroit News, December 30, 1986
Kids Kill, Kids Die (Part 2) The Detroit News 1986
"Kids Kill, Kids Die: Part Two" The Detroit News, December 29, 1986
Kids Kill, Kids Die (Part 1) The Detroit News 1986
"Kids Kill, Kids Die: Part One," The Detroit News, December 28, 1986
UofM Institute for Social Research, Juveniles Committed to the Michigan Department of Corrections and the Michigan Department of Human Services 1985-2003: A Preliminary Report”
Rosemary C. Sarri and Jeffrey J. Shook, et. al., “Juveniles Committed to the Michigan Department of Corrections and the Michigan Department of Human Services 1985-2003: A Preliminary Report” (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, May 2006)
"Gunman Killed After Wild Chase," Detroit Free Press, May 29, 1977
"Man with Pellet Gun is Killed by Police," Detroit News, November 13, 1975
"Hidden Gun Kills Policeman," Detroit Free Press, December 22, 1974
"Epitaph for What Might Have Been," Michigan Chronicle, Dec. 28, 1974
"'Regular Guy,' in Debt, Dies as Bandit," Detroit Free Press, March 24, 1974
"Chronicle at Cop Slaying Site!" Michigan Chronicle, March 16, 1974
DPD Policy on Plainclothes and Undercover Officers
General Order 76-50, “Proper Identification of Members,” April 9, 1976, General Orders of the Detroit Police Department, 1976 (Vol. 4), Social Science, Education, and Religion Department, Detroit Public Library
"Solemn Rite for Murdered Chaplain," Michigan Chronicle, March 13, 1976
"Chain-Swinger Halts Traffic, Is Slain by Police," Detroit Free Press, March 31, 1974
General Order 74-84, “Implementation of the New Mental Health Code,” Nov. 12, 1974, General Orders of the Detroit Police Department, 1974 (Vol. 2), Social Science, Education, and Religion Department, Detroit Public Library
Chief Hart Off-Duty Police Excerpt (1979)
William L. Hart, "Detroit Police Department Firearms Policy," June 12, 1979, Detroit City Clerk’s Archives and Records Management Division, Detroit, Michigan
Full document here: https://policing.umhistorylabs.lsa.umich.edu/s/crackdowndetroit/item/10675
DPD Firearms Policy Report to Board of Police Commissioners (1979)
Report to Board of Police Commissioners. This was a stand-alone document in the City Archives
Ernesta Weary Headline-Michigan Chronicle 1975
"Could Murder, Suicide Have Been Prevented?" Michigan Chronicle, Dec. 20, 1975
Paul Harrington Headline-Detroit Free Press 1977
"Officer Acquitted In 1975 Slaying of Wife, 2 Kids," Detroit Free Press, May 3, 1977
"Another Berserk Cop Slays Family Members," Michigan Chronicle, Dec. 27, 1975
Self-Defense Assessments in 74 Police Homicides (1974-1977)
1974-1977 dataset, https://www.socialexplorer.com/a689f7ed2d/view
DPD Fatal Force-Fleeing Scenarios 1974-1977
Off-Duty DPD Homicides by Type, 1974-1977
Racial Identity of Police Homicides in Detroit, 1974-1977
Gov. Engler's State of the State Address (1992)
Governor Engler's 1992 State of the State Address, Folder: Box 103, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
HB4730 Analysis (Excerpt) Costs Outline (1987)
Excerpt from House Fiscal Agency HB4730 Analysis by Lois Matthews, 8-20-87, Costs Outline, Folder: Caucus A-C Program 87-88, Box 41, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
HB4730 Analysis (Excerpt) Fiscal Impact (1987)
Excerpt from House Fiscal Agency HB4730 Analysis by Lois Matthews, 8-20-87, Focus on Fiscal Impact of Automatic Waiver, Folder: Caucus A-C Program 87-88, Box 41, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Cahill to Bullard about 15-16 year old discrepancy
Bullard B-42 F- SB600, David Cahill to Perry Bullard about 15-16 year old discrepancy, Folder: SB 600, Box 42, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Summary Points from MCCD Testimony (Excerpt) to Ad Hoc Committee (1989)
Excerpt from MCCD Testimony to Ad Hoc Committee 10-12-89, Summary Points, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice- Juvenile Waiver Package, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
MCCD Testimony (Excerpt) to Ad Hoc Committee (1989)
Excerpt from MCCD Testimony to Ad Hoc Committee 10-12-1989, Some Statistics, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice-Juvenile Waiver Package, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Ad Hoc Committee (Excerpt) Clark representing MCCD (1989)
Excerpt from Ad Hoc Committee 10-12-1989, Pat Clark representing MCCD, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Ad Hoc Committee (Excerpt) Duranczyk representing MCCD (1989)
Excerpt from Ad Hoc Committee 10-12-1989, Richard Duranczyk representing MCCD, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Commissioner Hart on Board of Police Commissioners
Patricia Montemurri and Jack Kresnak, "Six Years after Its Inception, Review Board Fills Mandate," Detroit Free Press, August 31, 1980
Juvenile Justice System Revisions (1988)
Juvenile Justice System Revisions, February 26, 1988, Folder: Crime Package Chrono Jan.-Mar. 88, Box 41, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
"Pair of Cops Fired in Beating Incident," Michigan Chronicle, Jan. 7, 1978
"Youth Slain in Police Mistake," Detroit Free Press, Jan. 14, 1977
"Robbery Suspect Slain Trying to Flee Police," Detroit Free Press, December 31, 1976
“Family of Man, 22, Slain By Police, Gets $1.5 Million Award,” Detroit Free Press, Nov. 7, 1981
ACLU. “Second Chances.” 2004. https://www.aclumich.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/juv_lifers_v8.pdf.
ACLU. “Basic Decency: Protecting The Human Rights of Children.” 2012. https://youthtoday.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/hotdocs/BasicDecencyReport2012.pdf
Hill et al. v. Whitmer, 10-cv-14568 (United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division, October 29, 2019). https://www.aclu.org/wp-content/uploads/legal-documents/298_-_Third_Amended_Complaint.pdf.
People v. Hernandez, 965 N.W.2d 554 (Mich. 2021).
People v. Hernandez, No. 350565 (Mich. Ct. App. Dec. 22, 2020).
Hernandez v. Stovall, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33269, 2009 WL 1067335 (United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Southern DivisionApril 21, 2009, Filed)
People v. Pruitt, 1996 Mich. App. LEXIS 1420, 1996 WL 33360654 (Court of Appeals of Michigan August 13, 1996, Decided )
People v. Pruitt, 2018 Mich. App. LEXIS 2922, 2018 WL 3551574 (Court of Appeals of Michigan July 24, 2018, Decided).
News Release on Building Boot Camps (1989)
News Release from Gov. Blanchard and Mayor Young on Building Boot Camps, November 3, 1989, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
MCCD Testimony to Ad Hoc Committee on the Criminal Justice System, focus on Juvenile Crime and Youth Policy in Michigan 10-12-89, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice- Juvenile Waiver Package, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Carolyn Kilpatrick (Excerpt) on Wayne County Juvenile Justice Costs (1987)
Excerpt from Rep. Carolyn Kilpatrick (D-Detroit) on Wayne County Juvenile Justice, Focus on costs, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Youthful Offenders 1987, Box 86, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Carolyn Kilpatrick (Excerpt) on Wayne County Juvenile Justice Trends (1987)
Excerpt from Rep. Carolyn Kilpatrick (D-Detroit) on Wayne County Juvenile Justice, Focus on trends, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Youthful Offenders 1987, Box 86, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Ad Hoc Committee (Excerpt) Jack Sheppard (1989)
Excerpt from Ad Hoc Committee 10-9-89 on Waiver Law Impact, Jack Sheppard, Michigan State Police, Perspective, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
"Man Hunting Intruder Slain by Policeman," Detroit Free Press, October 3, 1976
"Twins' Killing Called Unprovoked," Detroit Free Press, May 17, 1976
Law Department Memorandum, Re: Curtis Crowell Lawsuit, July 11, 1979, Folder 20, Box 33, Maryann Mahaffey Papers, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library
George Adams Shooting Headline-Chronicle 1976
"Manslaughter Rap Faces Cop," Michigan Chronicle, June 19, 1976
Fiscal Agency HB4730 Analysis (Excerpt) On State and Fiscal Impact (1987)
Excerpt from House Fiscal Agency HB4730 Analysis by Lois Matthews, 8-20-87, Focus on State and Fiscal Impact, Folder: Caucus A-C Program 87-88, Box 41, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Fiscal Agency HB4730 Analysis by Lois Matthews (1987)
House Fiscal Agency HB4730 Analysis by Lois Matthews, 8-20-87, Folder: Caucus A-C Program 87-88, Box 41, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Ad Hoc Committee (Excerpt) Gregory on Waiver Law Impact (1989)
Excerpt from Ad Hoc Committee on Waiver Law Impact, 10-9-89, focus on Warren Gregory, House Fiscal Agency, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Wayne County: A New Perspective (Excerpt) On DSS (1985)
Excerpt from “Juvenile Crime,” Wayne County: A New Perspective, 1985, Perspective of DSS, Folder: “Juvenile Crime,” Wayne County: A New Perspective, 1985, Box 15, William Lucas Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
James R. Orth to Common Council, Dec. 12, 1975, Folder 21, Box 38, Maryann Mahaffey Papers, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library
William Hart to City Council, Oct. 27, 1976, Folder 11, Box 85, Coleman A Young Mayoral Papers, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library
Wayne County: A New Perspective (Excerpt) On Juvenile Crime (1985)
Excerpt from “Juvenile Crime,” Wayne County: A New Perspective, 1985, looking at attitudes towards juvenile crime, “Juvenile Crime,” Wayne County: A New Perspective, 1985, Box 15, William Lucas Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Lindgren Memo "Automatic Waiver and Extended Jurisdiction" (1985)
Cecille Lindgren Memo to House Judiciary Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, "Automatic Waiver and Extended Jurisdiction," July 30, 1985, Folder: Juvenile Delinquency-Public Hearings, 2/9/87, Box 56, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Lindgren Memo (Excerpt) on Waiver Criteria for Youth (1985)
Cecille Lindgren Memo (Excerpt) to House Judiciary Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, "Automatic Waiver and Extended Jurisdiction," July 30, 1985, Folder: Juvenile Delinquency-Public Hearings, 2/9/87, Box 56, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Lindgren Memo (Excerpt) on Criteria for "Release Readiness" (1985)
Excerpt from Memo from Cecille Lindgren to House Judiciary Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, "Automatic Waiver and Extended Jurisdiction," July 30, 1985. Focuses on Department of Corrections Juvenile Considerations, Folder: Juvenile Delinquency-Public Hearings, 2/9/87, Box 56, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Memo from Phoebe Lowell to Carolyn Kilpatrick on Feb. 26, 1987, Folder: Ad Hoc Special Committee on Youthful Offenders, Box 86, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Ad Hoc Committee Meeting on Waiver Law Impact (1989)
Ad Hoc Committee Meeting on Waiver Law Impact, 10-9-89, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Representative Carolyn Kilpatrick on Wayne County Juvenile Justice
Representative Carolyn Kilpatrick (D-Detroit) on Wayne County Juvenile Justice, Ad Hoc Committee on Youthful Offenders 1987, Box 86, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Jessie McKinney Wrongful Death Lawsuit Memo
Law Department Memorandum, Jessie A. McKinney vs. James Anderson, July 23, 1979, Folder 21, Box 33, Maryann Mahaffey Papers, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library
Ad Hoc Committee Meeting (Excerpt) Hall and Pitts on Waiver Law Impact (1989)
Excerpt from Ad Hoc Committee Meeting 10-9-89 on Waiver Law Impact, Speakers Marilyn Hall and Francis Pitts, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
Evelyn Neal Investigation-Board of Police Commissioners (1975)
Board of Police Commissioners Chief Investigator, "Complaint of George Neal," June 2, 1975, Folder 1, Box 61, Coleman A. Young Mayoral Papers, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library
"Man, 32, in Coma after Brawl with Officers in Bar," Detroit Free Press, July 11, 1974; "Policeman Cleared in Bar Death," Detroit Free Press, Jan. 6, 1976
Juvenile Delinquency Services Provided by MDSS (1987)
Continuum of Juvenile Delinquency Services Provided by Michigan Department of Social Services, February 1987, Folder: Crime Package Chrono April-Oct 88, Box 41, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
DPD Off-Duty Firearms Policy (1977 Version)
General Order 77-16, "Firearms, Regulations and Procedures," issued Jan. 31, 1977, General Orders of the Detroit Police Department, 1977 (Vol. 5), Social Science, Education, and Religion Department, Detroit Public Library
Police Foundation 1977 Excerpt on Use of Firearms by Plainclothes and Off Duty Police
Catherine H. Milton, et. al, Police Use of Deadly Force (Police Foundation, 1977), pp. 116-126, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/41735.pdf
American Law Institute, Model Penal Code on Fatal Force (1962)
American Law Institute, Model Penal Code (1962), reproduced in Edward Littlejohn, Geneva Smitherman, and Alida Quick, "Deadly Force and Its Effects on Police-Community Relations," Howard Law Journal 27:4 (1984), 1139
Created from data in John Wesley Domm, "Police Performance in the Use of Deadly Force: An Analysis and a Program to Change Decision Premises in the Detroit Police Department" (Ph.D. dissertation, Wayne State University, 1981), p. 95
(Excerpt) Otis Davis and Bill Lovett on impact of 1988 Waiver (1989)
Otis Davis and Bill Lovett on impact of 1988 Waiver, Excerpt of Ad Hoc Committee 10-9-89 On Waiver Law Impact, 1989, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection
Implementation of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
Michigan Committee on Juvenile Justice: "Implementation of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act 1984-1987", Folder: Michigan Committee on Juvenile Justice, Box 188, James Blanchard Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
NIJ Deadly Force Study-Administrative Control of Deadly Force (Volume III Chapter 7)
Chapter 7, "Administrative Control of Deadly Force," in Arnold Binder, Peter Scharf, and Ray Gavin, "Use of Deadly Force by Police Officers, Volume III: The View and the Motivations from Behind the Gun: A Descriptive Approach" (Washington: National Institute of Justice, 1983), pp. 1-63, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/101489NCJRS.pdf
LAPD Use of Firearms Policy (1977 Revision)
LAPD Use of Firearms Policy (1977) reproduced in Arnold Binder, Peter Scharf, and Ray Gavin, "Use of Deadly Force by Police Officers, Volume III: The View and the Motivations from Behind the Gun: A Descriptive Approach" (Washington: National Institute of Justice, 1983), chapter 7, pp. 19-22, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/101489NCJRS.pdf
MCCD Juvenile Data (Excerpt) Violent Index Crimes Over Time (1989)
Graph Excerpt from Michigan Council on Crime and Delinquency Juvenile Data, Showing Violent Index Crimes Over Time, 1989, Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice-Juvenile Waiver Package, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
MCCD Juvenile Data (Excerpt) on Juvenile Apprehensions (1989)
Michigan Council on Crime and Delinquency Juvenile Data, showing Juvenile Apprehensions Over Time, 1989, Folder: Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice-Juvenile Waiver Package, Box 102, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan
"The Young Outlaws" in Detroit Free Press, 1986
Michael G. Wagner, "The Young Outlaws," "Pontiac teen went bad early, got much worse," Detroit Free Press, Dec. 7, 1986
Excerpt from Detroit Free Press series "The Young Outlaws," featuring letter from Marvin Hughes to Judge Norman Barnard.
Projects Funded in Michigan 1984-1987 From JJDPA
Excerpt from report by Michigan Committee on Juvenile Justice on "Implementation of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (1984-1987)," discussing funding of certain juvenile-justice related programs, Folder: Box 188, James Blanchard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
"Answers come from all directions" in Detroit Free Press, 1986
Darryl Fears, Eric Kinkopf, Patricia Montemurri, and Joe Swickard, "The Young Outlaws, Solutions depend on commitment, new laws," Detroit Free Press, December 10, 1986
David Cahill "Cost estimates of new juvenile waiver package" Relating to Gessert (1988)
Cost Estimates Memo from David Cahill to Michigan House Judiciary concerning cost estimates of new juvenile waiver package, May 5, 1988, Folder: Crime Package Chrono April-Oct 88, Box 41, Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
DPD "Firearms, Regulations and Procedures" (1977 Update--Full Policy (18 pages)
DPD Use-of- Firearms Regulations 1977 Update
DPD Policy Update (1976)-Investigation of Fatal Force
General Order 75-62: "Board of Review," issued Dec. 12, 1975, General Orders of the Detroit Police Department, 1975 (Vol. 3), Social Science, Education, and Religion Department, Detroit Public Library
Littlejohn Study-Police Fatal Shootings 1975-1980
Edward Littlejohn, Geneva Smitherman, and Alida Quick, "Deadly Force and Its Effects on Police-Community Relations," Howard Law Journal​​​​​​​ 27:4 (1984), 1131-1184
Littlejohn Study-Police Fatal Shootings 1970-1974
Police Foundation 1977 Report Chapter 3-Review of Shootings
Catherine H. Milton, et. al, Police Use of Deadly Force (Police Foundation, 1977), pp. 65-88, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/41735.pdf
DPD Chain-of-Command Process for Officer Shootings (1970s)
Catherine H. Milton, et. al, Police Use of Deadly Force (Police Foundation, 1977), p. 67, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/41735.pdf
Arnold Binder, Peter Scharf, and Ray Gavin, "Use of Deadly Force by Police Officers, Volume 1: Overview of Deadly Force Policy and Use in the United States" (Washington: National Institute of Justice, 1983), p. 167, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/101489NCJRS.pdf
Chief William Hart (1983 Use of Force Feature)
Louis Cook, "Police Professionalism is Saving Lives," Detroit Free Press, January 31, 1983, 6A
DPD Shots Fired Incidents Analysis 1973-1979 (Domm Study)
John Wesley Domm, "Police Performance in the Use of Deadly Force: An Analysis and a Program to Change Decision Premises in the Detroit Police Department" (Ph.D. dissertation, Wayne State University, 1981), p. 95
Fatal Shooting Incidents by On-Duty and Off-Duty Officers in Detroit, 1976-1978
Arnold Binder, Peter Scharf, and Ray Gavin, "Use of Deadly Force by Police Officers, Volume 1: Overview of Deadly Force Policy and Use in the United States" (Washington: National Institute of Justice, 1983), p. 170, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/101489NCJRS.pdf
Detroit Section of "Deadly Force by Police Officers" (1983)
Arnold Binder, Peter Scharf, and Ray Gavin, "Use of Deadly Force by Police Officers, Volume 1: Overview of Deadly Force Policy and Use in the United States" (Washington: National Institute of Justice, 1983), pp. 163-171, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/101489NCJRS.pdf
Civilians Killed by On-Duty DPD Officers 1970-1975 (Official Total)
Chief Philip G. Tannian, “Number of Civilians Killed by On-Duty Detroit Police Officers for the Years 1970 to 1975,” June 1, 1976, Box 85, Folder 14, Coleman A. Young Mayoral Papers, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library
Chuck Grimmett from Amherst, Ohio, United States of America, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
Governor Engler's Campaign Booklet "Making Michigan Number One," September 1994
John Engler, "Making Michigan Number One: Continuing Our Mission of Change and Reform An Action Plan for Our Future," September 1994, Gubernatorial Campaign Booklet "Making Michigan Number One: Continuing Our Mission of Change and Reform, ", September 1994 (File), Box 122, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
UofM Institute for Social Research, "Juveniles in the Justice Systems: Treating Juveniles as Adults" (Draft)
University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, "Juveniles in the Justice Systems: Treating Juveniles as Adults," October 2004, FIA Juvenile Waivers, Box 100, Jennifer Granholm Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Nancy C. Francis to William Van Regenmorter, October 24, 1995, Folder 7, Box 56, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
The House Republican Policy Office Analysis of HB 5800
House Republican Policy Office, "HB 5800–Baldwin Prison Reuse," June 12, 2006, 5800-Baldwin Youth Facility:GEO, Box 206, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Ginster Memo RE Policy Alternatives on Proposed Youthful Offender Prison, February 6, 1995
Memo from Tom Ginster to Manny Lentine, "Policy alternatives for proposed youthful offender prison.," February 6, 1995, Juvenile Justice Reform, Memos to JE:Manny (1994-1995), Box 219, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
“Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief | Michigan Protection & Advocacy Service, Inc. V. Caruso W.D. Mich. | Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse.” 2021. Clearinghouse.net. 2021. https://clearinghouse.net/doc/74864/.
The Daily Oakland Press, "Corrections systems is using up too much of our tax money" clipping
The Daily Oakland Press, "Corrections systems is using up too much of our tax money," February 15, 2005, Corrections, 2005, Box 185, Jennifer Granholm Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
"State Prison: Let needs and costs, not politics, pick ones to close" Detroit Free Press Clipping
Detroit Free Press, "State Prisons," June 15, 2005, Corrections, 2005, Box 185, Jennifer Granholm Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
"Inmates may have it right–prisons all about jobs" Detroit Free Press Clipping
Jeff Gerritt, "Inmates may have it right–prisons all about jobs," August 16, 2005, Corrections, 2005, Box 185, Jennifer Granholm Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Michigan Office of the Auditor General. Performance Audit of the Michigan Youth Correctional Facility: A Facility Under Contract with the Department of Corrections. Report No. 47-280-04. Lansing, MI: Michigan Office of the Auditor General, May 2005. https://audgen.michigan.gov/finalpdfs/04_05/r4728004.pdf.
Detroit Free Press, "In Our Opinion: Sentencing Guidelines," February 15, 2004
Detroit Free Press, "In Our Opinion: Sentencing Guidelines," February 15, 2004, Corrections/corrections, Box 7, Jennifer Granholm Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
"State Must Evaluate Its Prison Population," Detroit News Clipping
The Detroit News, "State Must Evaluate Its Prison Population," November 21, 2004, Corrections/corrections, Box 7, Jennifer Granholm Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Public Attitudes in Michigan Regarding Sentencing Juveniles to Life Without Parole
Wayne State University Center for Urban Studies, "Public Attitudes in Michigan Regarding Sentencing Juveniles to Life Without Parole," n.d. [2005], Corrections/Corrections, Box 7, Jennifer Granholm Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Letter to Lisa Sharpe from MDOC on Punk Prison contract options
Barry Wickman to Lisa Webb Sharpe, May 7, 2003, Corrections-Wackenhut Corrections Corp, Box 97, Jennifer Granholm Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Example Quarterly Report of MYCF (July-December 2000)
Quarterly Reports: Michigan Department of Corrections, Michigan Youth Correctional Facility Report (Lansing, State of Michigan, July-December 2000), https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/corrections/assets/Folder4/Sec216010801.pdf?rev=de0af33988324965b80e9bae26e38d65
Statistical reports: Michigan Department of Corrections, 2004 Statistical Report (Lansing: State of Michigan, 2004), https://www.michigan.gov/corrections/-/media/Project/Websites/corrections/Files/Statistical-Reports/Statistical-Reports/2004-Statistical-Report.pdf?rev=c3c74ade8b214940b6bc528bf652235c&hash=22C67BE56512871CE9B0792B5B7D1328
Statistical reports: Michigan Department of Corrections, 2003 Statistical Report (Lansing: State of Michigan, 2003), https://www.michigan.gov/corrections/-/media/Project/Websites/corrections/Files/Statistical-Reports/Statistical-Reports/2003-Statistical-Report.pdf?rev=2b37b5f90f7e4bb1af3939e9b6425f03&hash=2AD9F0364AB52C0EFC638E49B9DEA39C
Statistical reports: Michigan Department of Corrections, 2002 Statistical Report (Lansing: State of Michigan, 2002), https://www.michigan.gov/corrections/-/media/Project/Websites/corrections/Files/Statistical-Reports/Statistical-Reports/2002-Statistical-Report.pdf?rev=3eedd46a90334126b55528d5d133bf25&hash=87F685268DEA0EAEEFA665E04AE2E9AB
Statistical reports: Michigan Department of Corrections, 2001 Statistical Report (Lansing: State of Michigan, 2001), https://www.michigan.gov/corrections/-/media/Project/Websites/corrections/Files/Statistical-Reports/Statistical-Reports/2001-Statistical-Report.pdf?rev=f8c7bdbd62214e86a819045bb0d2396a&hash=7313D0E51E74BB9E59E18E51D7969AB1
Statistical reports: Michigan Department of Corrections, 2000 Statistical Report (Lansing: State of Michigan, 2000), https://www.michigan.gov/corrections/-/media/Project/Websites/corrections/Files/Statistical-Reports/Statistical-Reports/2000-Statistical-Report.pdf?rev=4b1b847334244513b3ee18eff6bf5b8d&hash=A1E5D47EEDC54A12850A173B64B27F3A
Statistical reports: Michigan Department of Corrections, 1999 Statistical Report (Lansing: State of Michigan, 1999), https://www.michigan.gov/corrections/-/media/Project/Websites/corrections/Files/Statistical-Reports/Statistical-Reports/1999-Statistical-Report.pdf?rev=4d51b63815c54268ad437b55dd96e9d2&hash=17F6AD09B73366B416DCC8D975C725F4
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, May 12, 2000
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), May 12, 2000: 33. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFD464917D67AE%402451677-16EF981D6F876064%4032-16EF981D6F876064%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, May 4, 2000, Page 5
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), May 4, 2000: 5. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFD911359B0D23%402451669-16EF9A2E01307ACE%404-16EF9A2E01307ACE%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, May 4, 2000, Page 1
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), May 4, 2000: 1. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFD911359B0D23%402451669-16EF2FA1C6521113%400-16EF2FA1C6521113%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, May 3, 2000, Page 4
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), May 3, 2000: 4. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFD9105FAA37F9%402451668-16EF2F9C7AAD138C%403-16EF2F9C7AAD138C%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, May 3, 2000, Page 1
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), May 3, 2000: 1. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFD9105FAA37F9%402451668-16EF2F9BF29BCCAC%400-16EF2F9BF29BCCAC%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, May 2, 2000, Page 1
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), May 2, 2000: 1. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFD90FBA5ECFA2%402451667-16EF2F9A339264C1%400-16EF2F9A339264C1%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, May 2, 2000, Page 4
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), May 2, 2000: 4. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFD90FBA5ECFA2%402451667-16EF2F9A34F8E224%403-16EF2F9A34F8E224%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, May 1, 2000, Page 5
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), May 1, 2000: 5. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFD90A736CDEF3%402451666-16EF96A006F65AB3%404-16EF96A006F65AB3%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, May 1, 2000, Page 1
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), May 1, 2000: 1. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFD90A736CDEF3%402451666-16EF2F9823839F69%400-16EF2F9823839F69%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, April 30, 2000, Page 19
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), April 30, 2000: 19. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFA176946DF654%402451665-16EF9C5872F2D130%4018-16EF9C5872F2D130%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, April 30, 2000, Page 18
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), April 30, 2000: 18. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFA176946DF654%402451665-16EF2FA1683B5ED0%4017-16EF2FA1683B5ED0%40.
Grand Rapids Press, Kids Behind Bars, April 30, 2000, Front Page
Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), April 30, 2000: 1. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40WHNPX-16EFA176946DF654%402451665-16EF9C440E3D6A50%400.
"Locked Inside a Nightmare," CBS News, May 9, 2000
“Locked inside a Nightmare.” 2000. Cbsnews.com. CBS News. May 9, 2000. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/locked-inside-a-nightmare/.
Govenor Engler's Punk Prison Groundbreaking Speech, March 3, 1998
Judy Palnau, "Punk Prison Groundbreaking," March 3, 1998, Remarks, Punk Prison, March 1998, Box 127, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Newspaper clipping, "Lake County's lock out"
"Lake County's lock out," n.d. [1996], Youth correctional facility lake county (1996), Box 218, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Letter from Marie Lowing to Gov. Engler on Punk Prison site location
Marie Lowing to John Engler, October 9, 1996, Youth correctional facility lake county (1996), Box 218, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Letter from Bernard Betka to Gov. Engler disproving of Punk Prison site location
Bernard Betka to John Engler, November 19, 1996, Youth correctional facility lake county (1996), Box 218, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
"Lake County picked for juvenile prison," Detroit Free Press, August 31, 1996
"Lake County picked for juvenile prison," Detroit Free Press, August 31, 1996, General Edition
Enrolled Summary of SB 681 authorizing the Punk Prison
“SB0681: ENROLLED SUMMARY (Date Completed: 2-27-97) - YOUTH CORRECTIONAL FACILITY.” 2025. Mi.gov. 2025. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/1995-1996/billanalysis/Senate/htm/1995-SFA-0681-E.htm.
State Bar of Michigan Juvenile Law Section Letter to Rep. Nye on 1996 Juvenile Justice Reform
Thomas Doetsch to Michael E. Nye, April 17, 1996, Box 138, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Letter from Sharon Peters to Representative Nye including Michigan's Children's stance on 1996 Juvenile Justice Package
Sharon Claytor Peters to Michael E. Nye, April 17, 1996, Box 138, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Letter from Mary Schutjer, Director of the Adrian Training School, to Senator Van Regemorter on the Punk Prison
Mary Schutjer to William Van Regenmorter, February 29, 1996, Folder 6, Box 59, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Gongwer News Service, "Juvenile Justice Bills Stir Prevention vs. Punishment Debate," February 23, 1996
Gongwer News Service, "Juvenile Justice Bills Stir Prevention vs. Punishment Debate," February 23, 1996, Box 138, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Gongwer News Service Report #234, "Senate Approves Juvenile Justice Package," December 7, 1995
Gongwer News Service, "Senate Approves Juvenile Justice Package," December 7, 1995, Box 138, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
"Juvenile Crime: Engler's plan needs more emphasis on prevention," Detroit Free Press, July 26, 1995
Detroit Free Press, "Juvenile Crime: Engler's plan needs more emphasis on prevention," July 26, 1995, Box 138, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Testimony from the Michigan Federation of Private Child and Family Agencies on Engler's Action Plan
Arlin Ness, "Testimony to the Michigan State Senate Judiciary Committee," October 3, 1995, Folder 12, Box 56, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Michigan Council on Crime & Delinquency, "Trends in Juvenile Crime & Prevention," Fall 1995 Testimony
Michigan Council on Crime & Delinquency, "Trends in Juvenile Crime & Prevention," September 19, 1995, Folder 12, Box 56, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Coalition for Juvenile Justice Reform's Response to Governor Engler's Action Plan for Michigan
Coalition for Juvenile Justice Reform, "Response to Governor Engler's Action Plan for Michigan," September 20, 1995, Youth Prisons (1994-1996), Box 219, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
"Young criminals more violent" Detroit News article included in Tom Ginster memo
Tom Ginster to Judiciary and House Civil Rights Committee, "Juvenile Crime Statistics," February 21, 1996, Juvenile Justice, Early 1996, Box 138, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Detroit Free Press Article "Experts try to defuse juvenile crime bomb"
"Experts try to defuse juvenile crime bomb," Detroit Free Press, April 10, 1996, General edition
Letter from Governor Engler to the Legislature on funding for prison expansion plan (September 6, 1995)
John Engler to Dick Posthumus and Paul Hillegonds, September 6, 1995, Prison, Issues (1995-1999) (1 of 2), Box 219, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Draft of Governor Engler's Juvenile Justice Reform 1995
"Juvenile Justice Reform: Governor Engler's action plan for Michigan (draft)," n.d. [1995], Box 218, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Deputy Defender Martin Tieber on proposed Juvenile Justice Reform Package
F. Martin Tieber, "Michigan Criminal Justice Policies The Bullard Era and Beyond," February 15, 1993, Box 124, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
MIRS, "Senate Judiciary Takes Testimony on Juvenile Reform Package," October 3, 1995, Box 138, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
"Slaying victim's wife wants laws toughened," Detroit Free Press, November 11, 1993, General edition
House Republican Policy Committee Task Force Report on Youth Violence 1994
House Republican Policy Committee, "Task Force Report on Youth Violence," n.d. [1994], Task Force Reports 1994, Box 1, House Republican Policy Committee, MS 99-7, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Governor Engler's 1994 Republican Convention Speech
John Engler, "Making Michigan Number One: There's No Stopping Us Now!" August 27, 1994, Republican Convention "Making MI #1 There's No Stopping Us Now!" August 27, 1994, Box 122, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Governor Engler's Speech titled "Opening a New Front in Michigan's WAR ON CRIME" (April 29, 1992)
John Engler, "Opening a New Front in Michigan's WAR ON CRIME," April 29, 1992, War on Crime, 116, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Brasier, L.L. “Jennifer Pruitt.” Worldwide Women’s Criminal Justice Network. Image of Jennifer Pruitt.
Michigan Department of Corrections/Robyn Frankel via AP, https://patch.com/michigan/detroit/victim-michigan-judge-lawmaker-voices-juvie-reform-debate
ARBOSCELLO, CHRISTY. 2005. "SUSPECT CHARGED AGAIN IN WOMAN'S SLAYING: YEARLONG PROBE LEADS TO NEW ARREST." Detroit Free Press, Aug 27.
Dickerson, Brian. "Upfront." Detroit Free Press (September 3, 1989).
Office of Children and Youth Services Semi-Annual Report on Delinquency Policy and Services Support Division (1986)
Office of Children and Youth Services, "O.C.Y.S Delinquency Policy and Services Support Division, Semi-Annual Report," December 31, 1986, Ad Hoc Committee on Youthful Offenders 1987-Binder, Box 86, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Wayne County Prosecutor's Statement of the Problem, Juvenile Justice 1987
John O'Hair, "Juvenile Justice 1987: Statement of the Problem," n.d. [1987], 1987-88 Juvenile Justice Subcomm, Box 88, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
“The Young Outlaws: Part Three,” Detroit Free Press, December 9, 1986, General edition
Juvenile Serious Offender Act 1987 (House Bills 4056-4060)
"House Bills 4056–4060," n.d. [1987], 1987-88 Juvenile Justice Subcomm, Box 88, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
Overview of the effects of House Bills 4056–4060 in the 1988 Juvenile Serious Offender Act
People v. Hernandez (Per Curiam Opinion)
“Major Assaultive Crimes Targeted by HB 4057,” May 5, 1987, Crime and Juveniles 1987, Box 87, Bruce Timmons Collection, Archives of Michigan, Michigan History Center
A list of the major assaultive crimes targeted by HB 4057 in the 1988 Juvenile Serious Offender Act
DHS Juvenile Waiver Work Group Interim Report and Preliminary Recommendations
Department of Human Services Juvenile Waiver Work Group, "Interim Report & Preliminary Recommendations," May 2005, Human Services-Juvenile Waiver Work Group (Interim Report & Preliminary Recommendations), Box 62, Jennifer Granholm Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Juvenile Crime Episode, "Wayne County: A New Perspective," 1985, (2:02-3:30), Box 15, William Lucas Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
"System lets kids get away with murder" in Detroit Free Press, 1986
David Ashenfelter and Michael G. Wagner, "The Young Outlaws, Part One," Detroit Free Press, Dec. 7, 1986
Kercheval Student Handouts (Answer Key for Teachers)
CEDER at the University of Michigan School of Education
Kercheval Incident Instructional Slide Deck
CEDER in the University of Michigan School of Education
Detroit Under Fire Student Reading Guide (StoryMaps 1957-1967)
Detroit Under Fire Teaching Guide (StoryMaps 1957-1967)
Detroit Under Fire Student Guide for Research Project
Created by CEDER at the University of Michigan School of Education
Detroit Under Fire Teacher's Guide for Research Project
Michael G. Wagner and David Ashenfelter, "The Young Outlaws: Part Four," Detroit Free Press, Dec. 10, 1986
"The Young Outlaws: Part Three," Detroit Free Press, Dec. 9, 1986
Darryl Fears and Eric Kinkopf, "The Young Outlaws: Part Two," Detroit Free Press, Dec. 8, 1986
Laurie Bennett and Sheila Gruber, "Kids Kill, Kids Die: Part four," The Detroit News, Dec. 31, 1986
Laurie Bennett and Sheila Gruber, "Kids Kill, Kids Die: Part three," The Detroit News, Dec. 30, 1986
Laurie Bennett and Sheila Gruber, "Kids Kill, Kids Die: Part two," The Detroit News, Dec. 29, 1986
Laurie Bennett and Sheila Gruber, "Kids Kill, Kids Die: Part one," The Detroit News, Dec. 28, 1986
WZZM13.com https://www.wzzm13.com/article/news/crime/man-who-killed-at-15-loses-bid-to-have-life-term-revisited-in-grocery-store-slaying/69-e478148a-994e-4072-9257-9515aa24f77c
Photo of Willie Clemons during trial in 1995.
Kent County Count of Victim Race Committed by 15-16 yr old Juvenile Lifers
Kent County Count of Victim Race Committed by Juvenile Lifers
Kalamazoo Gazette (1988) Article on "Youth"
Nowlin, Michael. 1988. “Youth” Kalamazoo Gazette, July 25, 1988.
Kent County Racial Demographics from 2010 to 2022
USA Facts. U.S. Census Bureau. https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/state/michigan/county/kent-county/
Kent County County of Juvenile Lifer's Re-sentencing Year
Kent County Count of Current Status of Juvenile Lifers
Kent County Juvenile Lifer Count of Principality
Kent County Count of Race of Juvenile Lifers
Kent County Count of Victim Race Committed by 15 to 16 yr olds
Kent County Juvenile Lifer Count of Race ages 15 to 16
Count of Juvenile Lifer Original Sentence Date in Kent County
Sinkevics, John. “Police chief wants more cops to curb violence.” Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), August 24, 1994: 1. NewsBank: America's News – Historical and Current.
Headline from a 1994 article about increasing police presence to address concerns about rising crime rates.
List of punitive policies William Van Regenmorter promoted
Joe Lucas. “Crime No. 1 issue, state senator says.” Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), June 11, 1994: 3. NewsBank: America's News – Historical and Current.
List of punitive policies William Van Regenmorter promoted during his 1994 campaign.
Quote from state senator William Van Regenmorter
Quote from state senator William Van Regenmorter during his 1994 campaign.
"Anatomy of a Riot." November 8, 1967. Grand Rapids City Planning Department.
Anatomy of a Riot is a report written by the Planning Department of Grand Rapids in the aftermath of the Grand Rapids Uprising of 1967
HOLC Grades overlaid on the people of color populations by 2019 Census Tract in Grand Rapids, Michigan (Manson et al. 2021 and Nelson et al. 2020)
HOLC Grades overlaid on the people of color populations by 2019 Census Tract in Grand Rapids, Michigan (Manson et al. 2021 and Nelson et al. 2020). Percent people of color are calculated for U.S. Census tracts as percent not “White non-Hispanic,” using the 2019 American Community Survey.
Historical HOLC Redlining Map for Grand Rapids, Michigan (Nelson et al. 2020).
Chart of Economic Class Change in Kent County from 1970-2019
Ravuri, Evelyn. “Neighbourhood change in Genesee and Kent Counties, Michigan, 1970–2019.” January 28, 2023. Regional Science Association International.
Chart of Racial Demographics of Kent County in 2010 and 2022
USA fact, U.S. Census Bureau, https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/state/michigan/county/kent-county/
Chart of Arrestees by Race and Age in Michigan 2022
Michigan Incident Crime Reporting, 2022 Crime in Michigan Annual Report
Chart of Victims of Crime by Race and Sex
Chart of victims categorized by race and sex in 2022.
Mack, Will. “GRAND RAPIDS UPRISING (1967)” January 13, 2018. Black Past. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1967-grand-rapids-uprising-1967/.
Photo of a burning building during the 1967 Grand Rapids Uprising
Chart of Crime Rates in Kent County from 1994
Kolker, Ken. "Crime drops as city asks for more police." February 18, 1995. Grand Rapids Press.
Chart of Crime Rates in Kent County that compares 1993 to 1994
Headline from a 1995 news article published in the Grand Rapids Press
Lamberth, John. 2013. “TRAFFIC STOP DATA ANALYSIS PROJECT THE CITY OF KALAMAZOO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY.” Lamberth Consulting, September, 2013. https://media.mlive.com/kzgazette_impact/other/KDPS%20Racial%20Profiling%20Study.pdf.
Tunison, John. “Man convicted in ‘gruesome, disturbing’ 2005 murder of boy, 2, gets parole chance.” October 19, 2023. Mlive. https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2023/10/man-convicted-in-gruesome-disturbing-2005-murder-of-boy-2-gets-parole-chance.html.
Photo from LeeClifton Moore's resentencing hearing in 2023.
City of Kalamazoo Online GIS Web Map https://gis.kalamazoocity.org/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ea78f25c473548779cd26b837e7fd16f#
Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety Logo
City of Kalamazoo Public Safety. "Divisions." https://www.kalamazoopublicsafety.org/Divisions/Professional-Standards.
Bridges, G. S., & Steen, S. (1998). Racial Disparities in Official Assessments of Juvenile Offenders: Attributional Stereotypes as Mediating Mechanisms. American Sociological Review, 63(4), 554–570.
Racial Disparities in Official Assessments of Juvenile Offenders: Attributional Stereotypes as Mediating Mechanisms Author(s): George S. Bridges and Sara Steen Source: American Sociological Review , Aug., 1998, Vol. 63, No. 4 (Aug., 1998), pp. 554- 570 Published by: American Sociological Association
This is a bar graph of the ages of each juvenile at the time of the incident for which they were convicted.
"Prosecutors now wield more power over youths" in Kalamazoo Gazette
Nowlin, Michael. 1988. "Prosecutors now wield more power over youths." Kalamazoo Gazette, October 24, 1988.
Favorite, Danielle. 2013. "Jeff Getting has the experience as an attorney and business owner to guide Kalamazoo County prosecutor's office." MLive, October 30, 2012. https://www.mlive.com/opinion/kalamazoo/2012/10/getting_for_prosecutor_yancho.html.
Prosecutors Oppose Juvenile Lifer Legislation
Getting, Jeff, and Doug Lloyd. 2023. "Prosecutors Opposes Juvenile Lifer Legislation." Michigan Prosecutors, May, 2023.
Wilgoren, Jodi. "Michigan city boils with racial unrest." Mobile Register (AL), June 14, 2003.
Individually created Social Explorer map (census date from 1999)
U.S. Census. "Berrien County." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berrien_County,_Michigan#/media/File:Berrien_County,_MI_census_map2.png.
Wiley, Dennis. "Michigan Fifth Circuit Court Judge." https://www.berriencounty.org/DocumentCenter/View/1249/Dennis-M-Wiley?bidId=.
Man convicted of killing Karen King looking for reduced sentence, family of King hopes he stays in
WNEM TV5, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84UfJUIFxy4
State of MI Court of Appeals, March 24, 2001, No. 207983, Saginaw Circuit Court, LC No. 97-013451 FC
Moran, Darcie. "16-year-old sent to prison for life may walk free 29 years later." Ann Arbor News: Web Edition Articles (MI), April 26, 2018. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/16B8B0040B310550.
Sklansky, David Alan. “The Problems With Prosecutors .” Annual Review of Criminology 1, no. 2018 (September 25, 2017). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092440.
Ann Arbor News (Ann Arbor, Michigan) 153, January 28, 1988: 20. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A124AC00F04CB9A3C%40WHNPX-17108D29777FB11F%402447189-16F62E3DB7D4328C%4019-16F62E3DB7D4328C%40.
Ann Arbor News (Ann Arbor, Michigan) 161, January 13, 1996: 4. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A124AC00F04CB9A3C%40WHNPX-17108D510673F7AD%402450096-16F62E5C5C48E872%403-16F62E5C5C48E872%40.
Ann Arbor News (Ann Arbor, Michigan) 153, September 2, 1988: 42. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A124AC00F04CB9A3C%40WHNPX-171D166A4E41CB10%402447407-16F6CE9E003745EC%4041-16F6CE9E003745EC%40.
Ridley Hudson, 2018, Mlive, https://www.mlive.com/galleries/F6EZDNAHMFBUBK44ZZZF255AWU/
Photo of Kent County Circuit Judge Mark Trusock at the 2023 resentencing hearing of LeeClifton Moore.
Agar, John. “Juvenile lifer’s killing of boy, 2, ‘One of the worst murders I have ever seen,’ judge says.” December 6, 2018. Mlive. https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2018/12/juvenile-lifers-killing-of-boy-2-one-of-the-worst-murders-i-have-ever-seen-judge-says.html.
Article headline from LeeClifton Moore's resentencing hearing in 2018.
Michigan Supreme Court. January 30, 2008. People of MI v. LeeClifton Moore. Michigan Courts. https://www.courts.michigan.gov/497d63/siteassets/case-documents/uploads/sct/public/orders/20080130_s134954_49_134954_2008-01-30_or.pdf
Michigan Supreme Court denies Moore's appeal for the Court of Appeals
ORDER APPROVING AND ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION AND DENYING PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS, U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan Southern Division, January 11, 2012. https://cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/michigan/miwdce/1:2009cv00074/58303/26/0.pdf.)
Writ of Habeas Corpus filed by LeeClifton Moore against Carmen Palmer, the Warden
Court of Appeals Order, 2020, People v. Moore
People v. Moore, No. 349584 (Mich. Ct. App. Dec. 15, 2022)
Deiters, Barton. “Legal community mourns death of larger-than-life public defender Thomas Parker.” December 6, 2013. Mlive. https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2013/12/legal_community_mourns_death_o.html
Kent County Circuit Court Judge Dennis C. Kolenda
Grand Rapids Police Department's Facebook profile picture.
Cole_Waterman@mlive.com, Cole Waterman |. “‘I Put Her through Hell,’ Testifies Man Imprisoned for Life at 16 for Role in Rape, Killing of Karen King.” MLive, 29 Oct. 2021, www.mlive.com/news/saginaw-bay-city/2021/10/i-put-her-through-hell-testifies-man-imprisoned-for-life-at-16-for-role-in-rape-killing-of-karen-king.html.
Ridley Hudson, October 19, 2023, Mlive, https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2023/10/man-convicted-in-gruesome-disturbing-2005-murder-of-boy-2-gets-parole-chance.html.
Photos taken at LeeClifton Moore's resentencing hearing.
John Agar's "X" formerly known as "Twitter", profile picture.
Cousins each say other killed abducted woman in Saginaw
Flint Journal (published as The Flint JOURNAL) - August 6, 1997 - page 4 August 6, 1997 | Flint Journal (published as The Flint JOURNAL) | Flint, Michigan | Page 4
Shytour Williams, age 16, in 1997 testifying at his original trial.
"Efren Paredes Wall of Justice." Free Efren Paredes, Jr. Facebook. March 17, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/Free.Efren/photos/pb.100063590311693.-2207520000/10156675349395189/?type=3
Kalamazoo Gazette (2000) "Two brothers and two verdicts"
Kalamazoo Gazette (2000) Page 1 Page 2 (Kalsnes, Lynette. 2000. “Two brothers and two verdicts.” Kalamazoo Gazette, July 21, 2000.
Elliot, Scott. "Tainted testimony later led to crime spree." The Herald-Palladium. December 22, 2004.
Hall, Rex. 2011. “1 murder, 2 verdicts: His older brother was acquitted, Patrick Gray got life sentence in Kalamazoo slaying.” MLive, November 6, 2011. https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/2011/11/juvenile_lifer_profile_patrick.html.
"Efren right before the arrest in 1989." 1989. http://www.4efren.com/photos-videos/
Ann Arbor News (Ann Arbor, Michigan) 155, August 1, 1990: 3. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A124AC00F04CB9A3C%40WHNPX-17108DA9AFF399D1%402448105-16F6805906032AFA%402-16F6805906032AFA%40.
Ann Arbor News (Ann Arbor, Michigan) 164, August 11, 1999: 44. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A124AC00F04CB9A3C%40WHNPX-17108D2E2B1BA677%402451402-16F62E678F7B1AF3%4043-16F62E678F7B1AF3%40.
Diane Bukowski. 2016b. “MICHIGAN FILES for JLWOP for 80% of JUVENILE LIFERS; FED. COURT WANTS ALL PAROLE ELIGIBLE | VOICE of DETROIT: The City’s Independent Newspaper, Unbossed and Unbought.” Voice of Detroit . August 2, 2016. https://voiceofdetroit.net/2016/08/02/michigan-files-for-jlwop-for-80-of-juvenile-lifers-fed-court-wants-all-parole-eligible/.
Ann Arbor News (Ann Arbor, Michigan) 154, December 7, 1989: 4. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A124AC00F04CB9A3C%40WHNPX-17108D970563251D%402447868-16F6805822B4CC55%403-16F6805822B4CC55%40.
Ann Arbor News (Ann Arbor, Michigan) 157, October 19, 1992: 1. NewsBank: Access World News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A124AC00F04CB9A3C%40WHNPX-17108D96966E7E44%402448915-16F6CEA6E470818F%400-16F6CEA6E470818F%40.
"Imprisoned for Life at 16, Michigan Man Gets Freed after Second Chance." MLive. March 12, 2019. Video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TS1Vc1_2x0Y.
Moran, Darcie. “Trevor Brownlee - Mlive.com.” Mlive. Accessed February 6, 2024. https://www.mlive.com/galleries/LTSYITVH2RFZJOUBZQ4K4YOYIM/.
“Witness absent, two are freed.” Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan), January 2, 1979: 18. NewsBank: America's News – Historical and Current. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/apps/news/document-view?p=AMNEWS&docref=image/v2%3A1231FD919F0C27A4%40EANX-NB-16DF18BD74C75494%402443876-16DF0B50E8EB72B4%4017-16DF0B50E8EB72B4%40.)
Juvenile Justice Bills Stir Prevention vs. Punishment Debate
Gongwer News Service Michigan Report #37, Juvenile Justice Bills Stir Prevention vs. Punishment Debate, February 23, 1996, Box 138, Bruce Timmons Collection, 1967-2012, MS 2013-17, Archives of Michigan
Gongwer News Service Report #190, Juveniles Need More Treatment, October 3, 1995, Box 138, Bruce Timmons Collection, 1967-2012, MS 2013-17, Archives of Michigan
Senate Approves Juvenile Justice Package
Gongwer News Service Report #234, Senate Approves Juvenile Justice Package, December 7, 1995, Box 138, Bruce Timmons Collection, 1967-2012, MS 2013-17, Archives of Michigan
Kathleen Galligan, Detroit Free Press, October 26th, 2017, https://www.freep.com/in-depth/news/local/michigan/2019/08/15/juvenile-lifers-michigan/1370127001/
Neal Rubin, The Detroit News, April 4, 2017
Zerious Meadows Court of Appeals Excerpt
Diane Bukowski, Voice of Detroit, https://voiceofdetroit.net/wp-content/uploads/MeadowsCOAanddefense.pdf
Lisa Armstrong, The Intercept, December 26th, 2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/12/26/zerious-meadows-minors-life-without-parole/
Photo of Zerious Meadows and his Granddaughter, 2020
Ashley Nellis, The Sentencing Project, 2021,
Barakah (Edward Sanders) Photo from Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Op-Ed, October 2022
Barakah Sanders, The Drum, Issue #39, October 2022
July 2020 Interview with Barakah Sanders
Interview of Barakah Sanders by Allison Gorine, The Drum, Issue #32, July 2020
Barakah Sanders, The Drum, Issue #15, January 2019
Barakah Sanders, The Drum, Issue #11, September 2018
Barakah Sanders, The Drum, Issue #9, July 2018
Barakah Sanders, The Drum, Issue #1, November 1, 2017
Barakah Discusses Remorse and Being Sentenced as a Child
Barakah Discusses The Trial and Potential Misconduct
Edward Sanders (Barakah) Interview, Ann Arbor MI, March 23, 2023. Interview by Adam White, Bennett Walling, Zach Wray, and Matt Lassiter, https://lsa-dss.mivideo.it.umich.edu/media/t/1_u7xu09e7/145739741
Edward Sanders (Barakah) Interview, Ann Arbor MI, March 23, 2023. Interview by Adam White, Bennett Walling, Zach Wray, and Matt Lassiter
Location of former Ad-Lib Bar, a significant drug distribution site used by indicted officers in the 1984 corruption investigation
Headline to an article describing the disappointing outcome of the grand jury investigation
Excerpt from U.S. Department of Justice's "Report on Drug Control," 1987
"Report on Drug Control: Implementation of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986", 1987, George A. Luciano and United States Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Assistance, NCJRS, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/116982NCJRS.pdf
Violence in youth crime roars to new heights
Amended Re-sentencing Memorandum (submitted by Prosecutor Jessica Cooper)
State of Michigan v. Jennifer Pruitt, January 18, 2017, Oakland County Circuit Court, re-produced with express permission from Robyn Frankel.
Jennifer Pruitt's final re-sentencing memorandum
State of Michigan v. Jennifer Pruitt, January 20, 2017, Oakland County Circuit Court, re-produced with express permission from Robyn Frankel.
Daniel Jones Video Safe and Just Michigan
“Life Beyond Life,” Safe & Just Michigan. https://www.safeandjustmi.org/life-beyond-life/
Troopers join trend toward higher firepower
Flint Journal, 22 February 2000, NewsBank
Depiction of Flint police officers using more force
State of Michigan Department of Public Health
Death certificate for William Taylor, Jr. after he was fatally shot by police
Flint Journal headline of Billy Taylor's mother answering the phone after he was fatally shot by police
Mayor Young's Anti-Crime Recognition Rally
Mayor’s Anti-Crime Recognition Rally, June 8, 1985, Box 323, Coleman A. Young Mayoral Papers, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library. Digitized from VHS tape in this collection with permission of the Burton Historical Collection.
Flint Journal article reporting on crimes of a "troubled teen"
Flint Journal article portraying a young defendant as volatile and dangerous
An example of fear mongering by the Flint Journal, used to justify harsher punishment for juveniles
Flint Journal, 14 February 2006, NewsBank
An example of fear mongering by the Flint Journal
Early Draft of John Engler's Juvenile Justice Reform Plan
Juvenile Justice Reform: Governor Engler's action plan for Michigan, John Engler, 1996, John Engler Papers, Box 218, Excerpts from Plan Folder, Bentley Historical Library
In 1987, Flint's homicides were again predominantly Black-on-Black crimes
Flint Journal, 2 January 1988, NewsBank
An example of a Flint Journal article that criminalized Genesee County's Black residents
Engler 1996 CPAC Speech, John Engler, February 23, 1996, John Engler Papers, Box 76, CPAC Folder, Bentley Historical Library
1992 Speech Given by Brooks Patterson at the Washtenaw Police Academy Graduation
ACLU LWOP Sentences Relative to Homicide Table (2004)
ACLU of Michigan, “Second Chances: Juveniles Serving Life without Parole in Michigan Prisons,” 2004, p. 11
ACLU Juvenile Homicide Offending and LWOP Sentences Table (2004)
ACLU of Michigan, “Second Chances: Juveniles Serving Life without Parole in Michigan Prisons,” 2004, p. 7
Funding for Multi-Agency Task Force to Fight Drugs/Guns/Gang-related Activities
"Funding for Multi-Agency Task Force to Fight Drugs/Guns/Gang-related Activities", 2005, Genesee County Sheriff Multi Agency Task Force (FANG statistics) Folder, Box 100, Jennifer Granholm Collections, Bentley Historical Library
An account of the drugs collected in Flint by law enforcement in 2004.
"Funding for Multi-Agency Task Force to Fight Drugs/Guns/Gang-Related Activities", 2005, Genesee County Sheriff Multi Agency Task Force (FANG statistics) Folder, Box 100, Jennifer Granholm Collection Box, Bentley Historical Library
A description of the drugs law enforcement caught in Flint in 2004
People of Michigan v. Jerry Walker (2009)
Michigan Court of Appeals, July 14, 2009
NAACP Legal Defense Fund Appeal to Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2014)
Juveniles Sentence to Life Without Parole in the United States of America, Case No. 12.866 (Henry Hill vs. United States of America, Hearing March 25th, 2014)
Flint Journal Headline from November 5, 2001
Flint Journal Headline from November 6, 2001
Flint Journal Headline from December 5, 2000
Flint Journal Headline from April 20, 2000
Efren Paredes Juvenile Lifer Profile, (Second Chances, 2004)
ACLU of Michigan, “Second Chances: Juveniles Serving Life without Parole in Michigan Prisons,” 2004, p. 16
ACLU JLWOP Homicide and Offense Table (2004)
ACLU of Michigan, “Second Chances: Juveniles Serving Life without Parole in Michigan Prisons,” 2004, p. 8
SADO Emergency Application for Leave to Appeal
Ronnie Waters Speaking for Safe and Just Michigan
Ronnie Water's Facebook, posted on April 19th of 2023
The Reminder Article- Ronnie Waters- 1981
City of Pontiac, City of Pontiac 1973 Annual Report, January 25, 1973, Pontiac Public Library
People of MI v. Zerious Meadows Court of Appeals Order, Docket No. 334927, Case No. 7l -001 558-0I-FH, September 26, 2016, Courtesy of Voice of Detroit, http://voiceofdetroit.net/wp-content/uploads/MeadowsCOAanddefense.pdf
D.A.R.E. Program Material, 1989, "D.A.R.E.", Box 350, Blanchard Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
"Juvenile Justice System Revisions," Box 41, Folder: “Crime Package Chrono Jan-March 88” Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
David Cahill Interview (finish citation later)
Excerpt from 1994 Criminal Justice Package
John Engler, Criminal Justice Reform Agenda, 1994, Box 217, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
People v. Nathaniel Jamar Abraham, Michigan Courts No. 212099, LC No. 97-063787 FC (Oakland Circuit Court Family Division), March 30, 1999, Lexis
People v. Nathaniel Jamar Abraham, Michigan Courts No. 227938, LC No. 97-063787-FC (Oakland Circuit Court Family Division), May 23, 2003, Michigan Courts
Detroit Coalition Against Police Brutality, Protest the Trial of Nathaniel Abraham, estimated 1998, Diane Bukowski Collection
Michigan Citizen, November 6, 1999, Box 18, Michigan Citizen Records, Bentley Historical Library
Flint Journal "Trio Targeted Elderly" Headline
Flint Journal, Newsbank, February 2, 2006
Flint Journal "2 killers mock court" Headline
Excerpt from the 1995 Committee on Juvenile Justice
Michigan Committee on Juvenile Justice Meeting Minutes, January 11, 1995, Box 218, Bentley Historical Library
GOP Task Force Report Youth Violence excerpt, 1994
GOP Task Force Report Youth Violence, 1994, Task Force Reports, Box 1, House Republican Policy Committee , MS 99-7, Archives of Michigan
GOP Task Force Report Youth Violence, 1994
Excerpt GOP Memo on 68-Bill Joint House-Senate Crime Package, July 29, 1988
GOP Memo on 68-Bill Joint House-Senate Crime Package, July 29, 1988, Box 88, Joint Ad-Hoc Committee on Crime, Bruce Timmons Collection, 1967-2012, MS 2013-17, Archives of Michigan
GOP Memo on Joint House-Senate Crime Package, July 29, 1988
Bruce Timmons, GOP Memo the Violent Juvenile -- the Lost Issue, est. 1997, Box 88, Joint Ad-Hoc Committee on Crime, Bruce Timmons Collection, 1967-2012, MS 2013-17, Archives of Michigan
Gov. Engler, Opening a New Front in Michigan's War on Crime, 1992
John Engler, Opening a New Front in Michigan's WAR ON CRIME, April 29, 1992, War on Crime, Box 116, John Enger Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Gov. Engler, 1994 Criminal Justice Agenda
Criminal Justice Package, December 8, 1994. Box 76, Criminal Justice Packages Folder, Bentley Historical Library.
Excerpt from Hill Class-Action Complaint (2010)
Affidavit claiming another person to be in possession of the vehicle
Bukowski, D. (2022, December 14). Where are mass exonerations in Wayne Co.. and Michigan? Chicago, Baltimore have released 100's. VOICE OF DETROIT: The city's independent newspaper, unbossed and unbought. Retrieved from https://voiceofdetroit.net/2022/12/14/where-are-mass-exonerations-in-wayne-co-and-michigan-chicago-baltimore-have-released-100s/
ACLU of Michigan, “Second Chances: Juveniles Serving Life without Parole in Michigan Prisons,” 2004
ACLU of Michigan, “Second Chances: Juveniles Serving Life without Parole in Michigan Prisons,” 2004, p. 6
Denise L. Stinson, “Detective accused of lying,” Detroit News, May 23, 1987.
Genesee County Comprehensive Gang Initiative Pg. 3
Genesee County Prosecuting Attorney, Application for Federal Assistance for Comprehensive Gang Initiative, 26 March 1993, Folder 26, Box 150, Donald W. Riegle Jr. Papers, U-M Flint Frances Willson Thompson Genesee Historical Collections Center
Page 3 of Genesee County's application for federal assistance to help with gang proliferation
Genesee County Comprehensive Gang Initiative Pg. 2
Page 2 of Genesee County's application for federal assistance to help with gang proliferation
Genesee County Comprehensive Gang Initiative Pg. 1
Page 1 of Genesee County's application for federal assistance to help with the proliferation of gangs
Map of all gang-related shootings in Flint in 1992
Map of Flint with Gang territories outlined
“Jose Burgos,” LinkedIn, https://www.linkedin.com/in/jose-burgos-88b1aa196/.
Sharon Cohen, “'We made it’: Imprisoned at 15, lifer goes free at 43,” AP News, October 30, 2017.
“Yusef Qualls” Chicago Transformation, Health Justice, http://www.chicagotransformation.org/stories/yusef-qualls/
Bruce Timmons Collection, Box 88, 1987-88 Juvenile Justice Subcomm, Wayne County Prosecutor on Waiver 1987
Bruce Timmons Collection, Box 102, Ad Hoc Committee on Criminal Justice, Ad Hoc Committee Meeting 12-4-89
Wayne County JLWOP Resentencing, 1986-1999
Burns-Perry v. Warren, CASE NO. 2:07-CV-12212, United States District Court Eastern District of Michigan Southern Division, 2013, Justia
People v. Brandon J. Burns-Perry, Michigan Courts No. 254213, 2003-193006-FC (Oakland Circuit Court CoA), Michigan Courts
People v. Brian L. Grandion, Michigan Courts No. 196879, 95-142363 FC (Oakland Circuit Court CoA), Michigan Courts
People v. Benson L. Martin, Michigan Courts No. 198143, 95-142365 FC (Oakland Circuit Court CoA), 1998, Michigan Courts
Bukowski, D. (2016, April 10). Dying in prison: Michigan juvenile lifers get new hope under montgomery, still face obstacles. VOICE OF DETROIT: The city's independent newspaper, unbossed and unbought. Retrieved from https://voiceofdetroit.net/2016/04/12/dying-in-prison-michigan-juvenile-lifers-get-new-hope-under-montgomery-still-face-obstacles/
Meet Robert T Hinds. A Life for A Life Urban Initiative: Innocence corner. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.alifeforalife.org/innocence-corner
Breakdown of Unemployment in Genesee County By Age
Urban League of Flint, How Wide the Gap, 1975, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library.
Breakdown of City Government Employment in Flint
Urban League of Flint, Breakdown of City Government Employment in Flint, 1975, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library.
Breakdown of Automotive Employment in Genesee County
Market Opinion Research and the Mott Foundation, Survey of Attitudes and Opinions of Residents of Genesee County, August 1986, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library.
Bukowski, D. (2011, September 6). Sign petition to transfer Edward Sanders, victim of Brutal Prison Attack. VOICE OF DETROIT: The city's independent newspaper, unbossed and unbought. Retrieved from https://voiceofdetroit.net/2011/09/06/sign-petition-to-transfer-edward-sanders-victim-of-brutal-prison-attack/
People of the State of Michigan V. Terry Morris, 29 July 1987
Transcript of sentencing by Judge Earl Borradaille during trial of Terry Morris, 1987
The Birmingham Observer Newspaper Headline- 1974
A statement made by Michigan Supreme Court Justice in 1975
Michigan Association Of Chiefs Of Police-Feb 6 1980- Patterson- Snippet
First page of lawsuit brought against the city of Flint by William Taylor, Jr.'s father following his shooting
Count of defendants who had an alternate claim associated with their case
Juvenile Homicides (Percentages), 1978-1987
Homer C. Hawkins, "The Young Black Offender in Michigan", The State of Black Michigan, 1967-2007
Adult vs. Juvenile Homicide Totals, 1978-1987
Michigan legislature. Michigan Legislature - Section 769.25a. (2014, March 4). Retrieved from http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(njq02tapavebppj2k4ce05wf))/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-769-25a
David Ashenfelter and Michael Wagner, Special Report: "The Young Outlaws", Detroit Free Press, December, 1986
In Juvenile Court, The Verdict is Frustration
People v. Carp, Davis, Ellison, Michigan___(2014)
Percent of Arrests Involving Youth Ages 0-17, Multi-Index
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, "Juvenile Justice Statistics National Report Series Fact Sheet", August 2022, https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/publications/trends-in-youth-arrests.pdf.
Numbers of Arrests, Youth Ages 0-17, violent crime 1980-2020
Silva, D., & Slepian, D. (2021, November 18). Louisiana inmate key to juvenile sentence reform is released from prison. NBCNews.com. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/louisiana-inmate-key-juvenile-sentence-reform-released-prison-rcna5942
Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. ___ (2016)
31 and Counting: Ending Juvenile Life Without Parole in Michigan
YouTube. (2021, October 25). 31 and counting: Ending juvenile life without parole in Michigan. YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQm_X3Vc11A
State of Michigan, "Arnetta Grable vs Eugene Brown," Aug. 6, 2003 provided by David Robinson.
Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library, Wayne State University - http://digital.library.wayne.edu/digitalcollections/item?id=wayne:CFAIEB02b009
Postcard showing the historical "Vehicle City" arch in Flint
Oakland County JLWOP Sentences Graph 1962-2012
1996 Michigan State of the State Address
Michigan State of the State Address, John Engler, January 23, 1996, C-SPAN
Save Our Sons and Daughters, SOSAD Memorial Brochure, Activities 1987-1988, Box 1, Save Our Sons and Daughters, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
JLWOP Cases in Wayne County, 1986-1999 (Line)
Breakdown of Defendant Age in Flint and non-Flint Cases
Breakdown of Genesee County Cases by Incident Location
Number of Juveniles Sentenced to Life, Wayne County 1983-86
HIS 491 Policing and Social Justice Lab compiled data
Ages of Lifers at Time of Offense in Wayne County JLWOP Convictions, 1963-1985
HIS491 Policing and Social Justice Lab compiled research
Edward (Barakah) Sanders on Recent Changes to JLWOP in Michigan, 2023
The University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Juveniles in the Justice System: Treating Juveniles as Adults, FIA Juvenile Waivers, October 2004, Box 100, Jennifer Granholm, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Breakdown of Known Victim Genders, Wayne County 1963-85
HIS 491 Social Justice and Policing Lab Compiled Data
Known Victim Age, Wayne County Juvenile Lifers 1963-85
JLWOP Cases in Genesee County, 1975-2006
A graph showing the number of JLWOP cases by year in Genesee County
Number and Age of JLWOP Cases in Genesee County, 1975-2006
This chart shows the number of JLWOP Cases in Genesee County by age of defendant between 1975 and 2006.
"Materials for Testimony Before the Ad Hoc Committee on the Criminal Justice System Michigan House of Representatives" Full Document
Michigan Council on Crime and Delinquency, "Materials for Testimony Before the Ad Hoc Committee on the Criminal Justice System Michigan House of Representatives", October 12, 1989
Juvenile Apprehensions for Violent Crime 1969-1988
Redacted Conclusions of Brown's Shootings from Shoulders Report
Executive Board of Review #00-001, Shoulders Report, Oct. 12, 2000, Box 36, Michigan Citizen, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Lamar Grable Forensic Evidence from Shoulder Report
Brown/Yost Lamar Grable Statements from Shoulders Report
Brown's Disciplinary Record from Shoulders Report
Key Variables in JLWOP Cases, Genesee County 1975-2006
This chart shows the key factors for incident types with visible patterns in Genesee County
Claims by JLWOP Defendants, Genesee County 1975-2006
This chart shows the claims made by defendants in Genesee County while their cases were being tried.
Current Status of JWLOP Defendants, Genesee County, 1975-2006
This chart shows the current statuses of the Genesee County JWLOP defendants, updated as of January 2023
Age and Location of JLWOP Cases, Genesee County 1975-2006
These charts show the ages of the defendants at the time of the incidents and the locations of the incidents within Genesee County.
Race of JLWOP Cases, Wayne County 1986-1999
Chart showing the ages of the defendants at the time of the incidents
JLWOP Cases over Time, Wayne County 1986-1999
Number and Age of JLWOP Cases, Wayne County 1986-1999
Tujana White, “Journey from Prison to Success — Kendrick Youngblood, 2022.
“Life and Work with Craig Whilby,” Voyage Michigan, October 29, 2022. https://voyagemichigan.com/interview/life-work-with-craig-whilby-of-i-do-business-in-the-wayne-county-and-surrounding-counties/
Race and Wrongful Convictions in the US 2022
Gross, S. (2022, September). Race and wrongful convictions in the United States 2022. law.UMich. Retrieved from https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/Race_and_Wrongful_Convictions.pdf
Woolfolk, D. (2022, April 20). DeAndre Woolfolk: Legal access plus. DeAndre Woolfolk | Legal Access Plus. Retrieved from https://legalaccessplus.com/profile/deandre-woolfolk/
People v Woolfolk (Michigan Courts, February 27, 2014).
People v. Swanigan, 2006 Mich. App. LEXIS 3873 (Court of Appeals of Michigan May 5, 2006, Decided). advance-lexis-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/api/document?collection=cases&id=urn:contentItem:4TM5-J9B0-TXFT-H3DD-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed April 6, 2023.
"MOM SAYS SON DIDN'T KILL SHE CLAIMS DETROIT COPS BEAT OUT A CONFESSION." Detroit Free Press, Aug 21, 2001. ProQuest, https://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/mom-says-son-didnt-kill-she-claims-detroit-cops/docview/1271572446/se-2.
Springer, M. (2017, November 14). Irredeemable: For a juvenile lifer, maintaining innocence could mean never getting out of prison. Michigan Radio. Retrieved from https://www.michiganradio.org/law/2017-11-13/irredeemable-for-a-juvenile-lifer-maintaining-innocence-could-mean-never-getting-out-of-prison
People v Black (Michigan Courts September 20, 2002).
Defendant claims in Wayne County JLWOP Cases 2000-
Current Status of Wayne County Juvenile Lifers, 1963-1985
John R. Mills, Anna M. Dorn, and Amelia Courtney Hritz, "Juvenile Life Without Parole in Law and Practice: Chronicling the Rapid Change Underway," American University Law Review 65:535 (2016), 535-605 (graph from p. 565)
JLWOP Cases Nationwide Over Time (through 2003)
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, The Rest of Their Lives: Life Without Parole for Child Offenders in the United States, 2005, https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/10/12/rest-their-lives/life-without-parole-child-offenders-united-states, p. 31
Rate of Youth Offenders Serving JLWOP by State (in 2004)
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, The Rest of Their Lives: Life Without Parole for Child Offenders in the United States, 2005, https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/10/12/rest-their-lives/life-without-parole-child-offenders-united-states, p. 36
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, The Rest of Their Lives: Life Without Parole for Child Offenders in the United States, 2005, https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/10/12/rest-their-lives/life-without-parole-child-offenders-united-states, p. 42
Crime Task Force Community Outreach Solutions
Save Our Sons and Daughters, Crime Task Force Community Outreach Solutions, Detroit Strategic Plan Crime Task Force, 1987, Box 1, Save Our Sons and Daughters, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Save Our Sons and Daughters, DPD Juvenile Homicide Chart, Detroit Strategic Plan Crime Task Force, 1987, Box 1, Save Our Sons and Daughters, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Detroit Strategic Plan Crime Task Force Chart - FBI
Save Our Sons and Daughters, FBI Juvenile Homicide Chart, Detroit Strategic Plan Crime Task Force, 1987, Box 1, Save Our Sons and Daughters, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Devil's Night Statistics. Folder 1, Box 229. Detroit Public Library, Burton Historical Collection. Coleman Young Papers. 1986.
Elliot Hall Quote About Juvenile Crime Statistics in Wayne County
"Kids Kill, Kids Die" quote by Wayne County Juvenile Court Referee
Laurie Bennett and Sheila Gruber, "Kids Kill, Kids Die", Detroit News, December, 1986
The Young Outlaws - Detroit Free Press - Special Report: Part Three
Protester at Nathaniel Abraham Sentencing 1999
Nathaniel Abraham, Imprisoned at 11, faces more obstacles to freedom, January 31, 2011, Voice of Detroit
Nathaniel at Trial at 11 years old, Voice of Detroit
Detroit Free Press describe Abraham's "Criminal Record"
Detroit Free Press, May 6, 1998, ProQuest Historical Newspapers
Michigan Citizen, January 23-29, 2000, Box 18, Michigan Citizen Records, Bentley Historical Library
James J. Blanchard Papers. February, 18, 1987. Box 126, Folder 2. Bentley Historical Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
"Part I Crimes Reported City of Detroit 1981-1986," Uniform Crime Reports, 1981-1986, Detroit Police Department Monthly Crime Report.
James J. Blanchard Papers. September 8, 1986. Box 19, Folder 1. Bentley Historical Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Letter to Blanchard on expanding drug policies
Diane Bukowski, "Arnetta Grable, Warrior Mother of Detroit, Nat'l Movements vs Police Brutality, Passes Oct. 30," Voice of Detroit, October 31, 2017.
Grable Family at 20th Anniversary Protest
DCAPB Flyer to Help Grable Family in Court
Detroit Coalition Against Police Brutality, "What You Can Do," 2000, Diane Bukowski Collection.
Lamar Grable 2nd Anniversary Protest Flyer
Detroit Coalition Against Police Brutality, "Stop Police Brutality, Repression, and the Criminalization of a Generation, 2nd Anniversary Protest," 1998, Diane Bukowski Collection.
DCAPB Promotional Flyer for 3rd Anniversary Protest
Detroit Coalition Against Police Brutality, "Detroit Coalition Against Police Brutality, Anniversary Protests," 1999, Diane Bukowski Collection.
Detroit Coalition Against Police Brutality, "Lamar Wayne Grable Third Anniversary Protest" 1999, Diane Bukowski Collection.
Juvenile Justice, American Black Journal, 1999
American Black Journal, "Juvenile Justice," 1999, https://abj.matrix.msu.edu/videofull.php/id=198-733-299/
Mayor’s Anti-Crime Recognition Rally, 1985.
Detroit Free Press Subheading, November 6, 1986
Susan Watson, "Listen, please, Mr. Mayor", Detroit Free Press, November 6, 1986
Detroit Free Press Headline, November 24, 1986
Susan Watson, "Teen violence fight may need a nudge", Detroit Free Press, November 24, 1986
Detroit Free Press Headline, November 6, 1986
Susan Watson, "Handguns: Why Don't We Ever Learn?", Detroit Free Press, November 6, 1986
Detroit Free Press Headline, November 2, 1986
Susan Watson, "Readers' ideas for saving our kids from crime", Detroit Free Press, November 2, 1986
Susan Watson, "Students share grief -- and how to stop the killing", Detroit Free Press, November 2, 1986
Susan Watson, "Mr. Mayor, fight teen killings next", Detroit Free Press, November 2, 1986
Gordon, Ed [Producer]. Teen Violence with Susan Watson. American Black Journal. Nov 24, 1986. https://abj.matrix.msu.edu/videofull.php/id=198-733-575/
Clip of Pete discussing Taboo's story, a woman who was incarcerated for 46 years before passing away in prison. Her medical commutation was petitioned by AFSC but ultimately denied.
This is a clip from the Second Look and JLWOP panel where Jose Burgos is discussing his experiences being incarcerated and working as a reentry specialist.
Director of Wayne County Youth Home and Wayne County Chief Assistant Prosecutor Discuss the Need for the Automatic Waiver
Mid-Michigan counties adjust to Raise the Age legislation
Fox 47 News, "Mid-Michigan counties adjust to Raise the Age legislation," Dec. 3, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfDkKeMjHfw
Detroit Coalition Against Police Brutality, "System Attacks Grable, Squires Families and Detroit Coalition Against Police Brutality," 2000, Diane Bukowski Collection.
Photo of Barbara Hernandez and Her Sister
Excerpt from "Crime Package Tidbits" 1:11:88
Memo to Perry Bullard from David Cahill, "Crime Package Tidbits" 1:11:88 Box 41; Folder: “Crime Package Chrono Jan-March 88” Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library
Hill et al. v. Granholm (2010), Justia Law
Excerpt from INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS petition, ACLU, "FINAL OBSERVATIONS REGARDING THE MERITS OF THE CASE", Sept 4, 2012
Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm, Millenial Action Project, 2020
Washtenaw County Judge Anti-Waiver Law, October 24, 1995
Nancy C. Francis , Memo Regarding Juvenile Justice Reform, October 24, 1995, Box 56, Folder 7, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Testimony- Team Justice, October 3, 1995
Team Justice , Testimony Regarding Juvenile Justice Issues, October 3, 1995, Box 57, Folder 7, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Resolution by Michigan Probate Judges Association, June 28, 1995
Michigan Probate Judges Assn, Resolution Regarding Violent and Chronic Youthful Offenders, June 28, 1995, Box 57, Folder 7, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Detroit Free Press Excerpt (Terrill Johnson, 05.03.02)
People v. Todd, 186 Mich. App. 625, 465 N.W.2d 380 (Mich. Ct. App. 1990), CaseText
News Hits staff, "Discarded Keys", Detroit Metro Times, November 24, 2010
Diane Bukowski, "GENOCIDE! STATE, S.A.D.O SUBJECT MICHIGAN JUVENILE LIFERS TO MORE ‘CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT’" Voice of Detroit, August 18, 2016
"Teen sentenced as adult in slaying", Detroit News, November 16, 1993, ProQuest
People v. Pruitt, Court of Appeals decision 1996
People v. Pruitt (Michigan Court of Appeals, 8/13/1996)
Detroit News Headline, December 16, 1986
Brenda Ingersoll Gave, "Teen Admits He Fired the Shots that Killed Girl", Detroit News, Dec 16, 1986
Detroit Free Press Headline, January 10, 1987
Joe Swickard, "Stiff Prison Terms End Melody Rucker Case", Detroit Free Press, January 10, 1987
Detroit Free Press Headline, August 21, 1986
John Castine, "3 Youths Charged in Shooting Death of Girl at Party", Detroit Free Press, August 21, 1986
Brenda J. Gilchrist, Damion Todd, Dec. 28, 1986, Detroit Free Press
Excerpt from Proving Repression Doesn't Work
Memo from David Cahill from Perry Bullard, "Proving Repression Doesn't Work" 1:3:87 Box 41, Folder: “Caucus A-C Program 87-88” Perry Bullard Papers at the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
The Probate Judges of Kent County, Re: Public Hearing on Proposed Changes in the Juvenile Justice System, July 31, 1995, Box 57, Folder 7, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Memo from Sue Hamilton-Smith to Mayor Young, Nov 1985
Memo from Sue Hamilton-Smith to Mayor Coleman Young, November 19, 1985. Box 220, Folder 3 General Correspondence, November, Coleman A Young Papers 1985, Burton Historical Library.
Ed Cruzan, Memo Regarding Juvenile Justice Reform Waiver, October 3, 1995, Box 56, Folder 12, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Letter from Blanche Marie Collins to Mayor Young, March 1987
Letter from Blanche Marie Collins to Mayor Young, March 17 1987. Box 250 Coleman Young Papers, Folder Police Dept. Youth Curfew Citizen Letters. Coleman A Young Papers 1987. Burton Historical Library.
Marlys Schutjier, Letter regarding Juvenile Justice Reform, February 29, 1996, Box 59, Folder 6, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Ann Arbor MSW Critical of GOP Get-Tough Snippet
Clementine Barfield to Coleman Young, November 13 1986. Box 250 Coleman Young Papers, Folder Police Dept. Youth Curfew Citizen Letters. Coleman A Young Papers 1987. Burton Historical Library.
Testimony of Laural Auw, Mother of Murder Victim
Laural Auw, Statement on Juvenile Justice Reform, est. 1995, Box 56, Folder 12, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Prosecuting Attorneys Assn of Michigan Supporting, May 20, 1996
Michael Thomas, Prosecuting Attorneys Assn of Michigan Support House Juvenile Justice Package, May 20, 1996, Box 60, Folder 6, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Governor Whitmer Signs Bipartisan Bills to Raise the Age for Juvenile Offenders
“Governor Whitmer Signs Bipartisan Bills to Raise the Age for Juvenile Offenders.” SOM - State of Michigan, October 31, 2019. https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2019/10/31/governor-whitmer-signs-bipartisan-bills-to-raise-the-age-for-juvenile-offenders.
Michigan State Police Testimony on Juvenile Justice Reform, July 31, 1995
Michael D. Robinson, Statement at Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Juvenile Justice Reform, 07/31/1995, Box 57, Folder 7, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Get Tough on Juveniles Political Cartoon
Arrested for Murder Cartoon, n.d., Box 57, Folder 7, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
People v Smith (Michigan Courts February 3, 2023).
People v Taylor (Michigan Courts July 28, 2022).
The Appeal News, Courtsey from Deborah LaBelle's Office
An undated photo of Barbara Hernandez (right)
Detroit Free Press News ( Terrill Johnson, 06/19/02)
Detroit Free Press Newspaper from June 19th, 2002
Citation: Hackney, Suzette. 2002. COUSIN RECOUNTS TEEN GIRL'S SLAYING SHE TELLS COURT SUSPECT OPENED FIRE OUTSIDE STORE. Detroit Free Press, Jun 19, 2002. https://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/cousin-recounts-teen-girls-slaying-she-tells/docview/436380306/se-2 (accessed March 15, 2023).
PEOPLE v. JOHNSON, 2004 Mich. App. LEXIS 1290, 2004 WL 1124814 (Court of Appeals of Michigan May 20, 2004, Decided ). https://advance-lexis-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/api/document?collection=cases&id=urn:contentItem:4CG3-0F10-0039-41N3-00000-00&context=1516831.
Brief of Amici Curiae Neuroscientists, Psychologists, and Criminal Justice Scholars in Support of Defendant-Appellant Mr. Parks
Brief for People v Kemo Parks as Amici Curiae Supporting Neuroscientists, People v Parks , Michigan Supreme Court No. 162086(2022).
People v Parks (Michigan Courts July 28, 2022).
Michigan League for Public Policy: Advocacy Groups Applaud Legislative Action on Raise the Age
Rossman, Alex. “Advocacy Groups Applaud Legislative Action on Raise the Age.” MLPP. MLPP, October 17, 2019. https://mlpp.org/advocacy-groups-applaud-legislative-action-on-raise-the-age/.
Memo to Perry Bullard from David Cahill, "No More Liberal-Kicking on Crime!" 1:13:88
"Memo to Perry Bullard from David Cahill, "No More Liberal-Kicking on Crime!" 1:13:88 Box 41, "Crime Package Chrono Jan-March 88"
Memo from David Cahill from Perry Bullard, "Proving Repression Doesn't Work" 1:3:87
Memo from David Cahill from Perry Bullard, "Proving Repression Doesn't Work" 1:3:87. Box 41, "Caucus A-C Program 87-88" Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Memo from Perry Bullard to David Cahill, "Remaining Crime Disagreements and Suggestions for Resolving them" 10:8:87
"Memo from Perry Bullard to David Cahill, "Remaining Crime Disagreements and Suggestions for Resolving them" 10:8:87. Box 41; Folder: “Caucus Anti-Crime Program Chrono Jan-Oct 87” Perry Bullard Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
"2 young women found guilty in robbery-slaying," Detroit News, August 5, 1993, ProQuest
Letter from Perry Bullard to Gary Owen 4:1:87
"Letter from Perry Bullard to Gary Owen" 4:1:87. Box 41; Folder: “Caucus Anti-Crime Program Chrono Jan-Oct 87” Perry Bullard Papers at the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
"Third Option" Sentencing Bill Analysis, October 3, 1995
Senate Fiscal Agency, S.B. 281-284: Committee Summary, October 3, 1995, Box 131, 1996 Public Acts – SBs. SBs # 281, 283, 682, 689, 698-700, 867, 870, “Juvenile Package”, 1995-1996, Bruce Timmons Collection, 1967-2012, MS 2013-17, Archives of Michigan
Memo from Perry Bullard to David Cahill, "The New Crime Package - Chat with MKS" 1:5:87
Memo from Perry Bullard to David Cahill, "The New Crime Package - Chat with MKS" 1:5:87. Box 41; Folder: “Caucus Anti-Crime Program Chrono Jan-Oct 87” Perry Bullard Papers at the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Senate Summary of all House Juvenile Laws, May 21, 1996
Senate Fiscal Agency, H.B 4037 (H-4), 4038 (H-3), 4044 (H-2), 4371 (H-3), 4445 (H-2), 4486 (H-3), 4490 (H-3): Committee Summary, May 21, 1996, Box 60, Folder 6, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
S.B. 699-701 Bill Summary, October 3, 1995
Senate Fiscal Agency, S.B. 699-701 Committee Summary, October 3, 1995, Box 56, Folder 12, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Bill Changing Waiver Criteria Analysis, September 29, 1995
Senate Fiscal Agency, S.B. 694 Committee Summary, September 29, 1995, Box 56, Folder 12, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Juvenile Waiver Bill Analysis, January 9, 1996
Senate Fiscal Agency, S.B. 689 (S-3)-692 (S-2) & 694 (S-3), January 9, 1996, Box 56, Folder 7, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
Letter to Coleman Young from Gov Blanchard, 1987
Governor James J. Blanchard "Letter from Governor Blanchard to Mayor Coleman Young," April 23, 1987, Folder Misc Detroit 1987, Box 15, James Blanchard Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
Coleman Young, "DPD Operation Sweep," February 12, 1985, Box 323 Coleman Young Papers, Folder Photos Police Dept. "Operation Sweep" 1985. Burton Historical Library.
"1974: The Year to Become Involved" political cartoon
"1974: The Year to Become Involved" The Michigan Chronicle, February 2, 1974. Microfilm. Hatcher Graduate Library, University of Michigan
Coleman Young, "Crime Summary Speech," n.d. [1973], Box 107, Folder 2, Coleman A. Young Papers, Part II, Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University
Box 323 Coleman Young Papers, Folder Photos Coleman A Young 1983, Burton Historical Library
DEFUND THE POLICE SO CONVICTION INTEGRITY UNITS CAN SAVE THE LIVES STOLEN BY CROOKED COPS
Hinds, Robert T. “Defund the Police so Conviction Integrity Units Can Save the Lives Stolen by Crooked Cops.” VOICE OF DETROIT: The city's independent newspaper, unbossed and unbought, February 20, 2022. https://voiceofdetroit.net/2022/02/20/defund-the-police-so-conviction-integrity-units-can-save-the-lives-stolen-by-crooked-cops/.
Intercept article on Meadows After Incarceration
Lisa Armstrong, "Zerious Meadows Was Sentenced to Life Without Parole at 17. Now He's Struggling With Freedom," December 26, 2017, The Intercept, https://theintercept.com/2017/12/26/zerious-meadows-minors-life-without-parole/
Zerious Meadows Court of Appeals Documents 2016
Michigan House of Representatives Democratic Plan for Youthful Offenders
"Michigan House of Representatives Democratic Plan for Youthful Offenders" April 7, 1989 Box 350 Folder "Crime, Booklets and Information" James Blanchard papers at the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Excerpt from the plan, which details the problem and proposed solution of Juvenile Waivers
Full Summary of Proposed Bills for "third option" Sentencing
Senate Fiscal Agency, S.B. 281-284 Committee Summary, December 3, 1995, Box 131, 1996 Public Acts – SBs. SBs # 281, 283, 682, 689, 698-700, 867, 870, “Juvenile Package”, 1995-1996, Bruce Timmons Collection, 1967-2012, MS 2013-17, Archives of Michigan
Summary of Proposed Bills for "third option" Sentencing
Testimony of Engler Admin at Juvenile Justice Reform Hearing, September 19, 1995
Thomas Ginster, Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, September 19, 1995, Box 57, Folder 9, Senate Judiciary Committee Records, 1995-1996, RG 2004-60, Archives of Michigan
"Defendant, Charles Lewis's Motion to Dismiss case die to Defendant's Actual Innocence," Sept. 7, 2018, People of the State of Michigan v. Charles Lewis, Case No. 76-005890-01-FC. Courtesy of Voice of Detroit, https://voiceofdetroit.net/wp-content/uploads/lewis.charles.mtn_.6.dismiss.actual.innocence.pdf
Michigan State of the State Address 1995
John Engler, Michigan State of the State Address, January 17, 1995,
Lewis Motion-Excerpt on Unscientific Conviction
Lewis Innocence Motion (Excerpt on Murder Scenario)
Urban League of Flint, "How Wide the Gap" report, 2000
Urban League of Flint, “How Wide the Gap: Disparities Between Blacks and Whites in the City of Flint”, 2000, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
Chart from U-M Flint report "A Decade of Crisis in Genesee County", 1990
Robin Widgery, et al., “A Decade of Crisis in Genesee County”, p. 30, July 1990, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
"Minutes of the Regular BPC Meeting," Sept. 11, 2003, Board of Police Commissioners Minutes, Social Science, Education, and Religion Department, Detroit Public Library
"Minutes of the Regular BPC Meeting," Jan. 25, 2001, Board of Police Commissioners Minutes, Social Science, Education, and Religion Department, Detroit Public Library
"Minutes of the Regular BPC Meeting," Dec. 28, 2000, Board of Police Commissioners Minutes, Social Science, Education, and Religion Department, Detroit Public Library
Estate of Lamar Grable Motion for Shoulders Report
State of Michigan, "Arnetta Grable v. Eugene Brown," Mar. 21, 2002, provided by David Robinson
Diane Bukowski, "Report on killer kop denied," Oct. 14-20, 2001, Michigan Citizen, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
In re Select Steel, EPA Environmental Appeals Board, 9.11.1998.pdf
Neighborhood Satisfaction Survey from "A Decade of Crisis in Genesee County" Report, July 1990
Dr. Robin Widgery, et al., "A Decade of Crisis in Genesee County", July 1990, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
Todd McInturf, The Detroit News, July 27, 2018.
Kimberly Simmons holds her 11-day-old daughter, Jai-Marie Woodson, Friday, July 27, 2018.
Letter from Olive Beasley to the Flint Housing Commission, May 13, 1981
Olive Beasley, Letter to the Chairman and Members of Flint Housing Commission, 13 May 1981, Folder 34, Box 8, Edgar B. Holt Collection, U-M Flint Frances Willson Thompson Genesee Historical Collections Center
Breakdown on Incident Location in Oakland County
Problems in Genesee County/Flint Area Table, 1986
Market Opinion Research, "Survey of Attitudes and Opinions of Residents of Genesee County, Michigan", p. 87, August 1986, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
Save Our Sons and Daughters, "Your Guide to a Fun Filled Evening", Activities 1987-1988, Box 1, Save Our Sons and Daughters, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Excerpt from "Strengthening the Participation of Neighborhood Groups in the Revitalization of Flint" 1977 Report
The Center for Community Change, "Strengthening the Participation of Neighborhood Groups in the Revitalization of Flint", p. 4, 1977, F: Center for Community Change - Reports to Mott Foundation on advisory councils and neighborhood groups, 1977, Box 14, U-M Flint Frances Willson Thompson Genesee Historical Collections
Vera Rucker Obituary, Legacy.com, https://www.legacy.com/funeral-homes/obituaries/name/vera-rucker-obituary?pid=175457503&v=batesville&view=guestbook
Excerpt from 1977 Report, "Strengthening the Participation of Neighborhood Groups in the Revitalization of Flint"
The Center for Community Change, "Strengthening the Participation of Neighborhood Groups in the Revitalization of Flint", p. 3, 1977, F: Center for Community Change - Reports to Mott Foundation on advisory councils and neighborhood groups, 1977, Box 14, U-M Flint Frances Willson Thompson Genesee Historical Collections
Detroit Free Press Headline on Cease Fire
Save Our Sons and Daughters, Cease Fire Headline, May 20, 1991, Activities 1989-1992, Box 1, Save Our Sons and Daughters, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Clementine Barfield Interview with Trudy Gallant
Almanza, Carlotta [Producer]. SOSAD Interview. American Black Journal. May 1, 1991. https://abj.matrix.msu.edu/videofull.php?id=29-DF-14E
Housing and Demographic Informational Tables, 1975
The Urban League of Flint, "How Wide the Gap", p. 12, 1975, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
Housing section of "How Wide the Gap" Report, continued
The Urban League of Flint, "How Wide the Gap", p. 9, 1975, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
Housing Conditions and Population Trends, 1970-197, by Census Tract
The Urban League of Flint, "How Wide the Gap", p. 10, 1975, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
Save Our Sons and Daughters, Arms Around The Children Campaign, August 1989, Activities 1989-1992, Box 1, Save Our Sons and Daughters, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Save Our Sons and Daughters, Cease Fire Pamphlet, Activities 1987-1988, Box 1, Save Our Sons and Daughters, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Save Our Sons and Daughters, SOSAD Pledge, Activities 1987-1988, Box 1, Save Our Sons and Daughters, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Save Our Sons and Daughters, SOSAD Memorial Service Flyer, February 1987, Activities 1987-1988, Box 1, Save Our Sons and Daughters, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Front Page of ACLU's "Second Chances" Report
"Teen's Jeers End in Prison," Detroit Free Press, September 19th, 1971, ProQuest
Housing Section, How Wide the Gap 1975 Report
The Urban League of Flint, "How Wide the Gap", 1975, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
A teenaged Zerious Meadows and his sister
Housing Patterns by Census Tract, Genesee County 1975
Urban League of Flint, "How Wide the Gap", 1975, Local History and Geneaology Room, Flint Public Library
Charles Lewis, "Sitting Through My Own Lynching", Date unknown, Voice of Detroit
Charles Lewis after class graduation in prison
Alice Walker, Charles Lewis after class graduation in prison, 1/25/23, Voice of Detroit, https://voiceofdetroit.net/2018/02/22/sitting-through-my-own-lynching-charles-lewis-fights-on-3rd-atty-withdraws-in-secret-hearing/
Youth Surrenders In Killing of Officer, Detroit Free Press, 08/03/1976
Detroit Free Press, Youth Surrenders In Killing of Officer, 08/03/1976,
Our research revealed that there were at least five accidental claims, and two innocence claims.
Over 60 percent of the offenders in the Oakland County subset of JLWOP were Black.
Governor Engler's Juvenile Justice Reform Package memo, June 14, 1995
Tom Ginster, DSS Committee on Juvenile Justice 1994-1995, June 14, 1994, Box 218, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Letter from Barsamian to Gov. Engler regarding juvenile justice reform, December 12, 1994
Gladys Barsamian, DSS Committee on Juvenile Justice 1994-1995, December 12, 1994, Box 218, John Engler Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
An Economic Analysis of the Black Population of Genesee County Table 6
Martin, Wade, An Economic Analysis of the Black Population of Genesee County, 1987, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
An Economic Analysis of the Black Population of Genesee County Table 5
Public Expenditures for Children - Probate Court
Public Expenditures for Children Report by Samuel Clark, funded by Foundation for Child Development and Mott Foundation
Public Expenditures for Children - County Prosecutor's Office
Public Expenditures for Children - Flint Police Department 2
Clark, Samuel, Public Expenditures for Children, November 1983, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
Public Expenditures for Children - Flint Police Department
Public Expenditures for Children - Youth Employment Programs
Federal Money to Aid End of School Bias is Cut
Public Expenditures for Children - Education
Public Expenditures for Children - Unique Private Sector Relationships
Gender of Victim for JLWOP Defendants 1986-1999
Breakdown of Principal Culpability in JLWOP 1986-1999
People v Cress, Michigan Courts No. 225855, 84-002098-FC (Calhoun Circuit Court CoA)
Brand-Williams, O. (2020, May 24). Detroit juvenile lifer seeks exoneration, cites COVID-19 fears. TCA Regional News Retrieved from https://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/wire-feeds/detroit-juvenile-lifer-seeks-exoneration-cites/docview/2405930026/se-2
Robert T Hinds, March 4, 2022, Michigan Department of Corrections, https://mdocweb.state.mi.us/OTIS2/otis2profile.aspx?mdocNumber=410196
Robert Hinds, Free Innocent Juvenile Lifer from 19 Years of Wrongful Imprisonment & Dying of COVID19, change.org
Court of Appeals Argues in Favor of Grable (excerpt)
State of Michigan Court of Appeals, Arnetta Grable v. Eugene Brown, December 20, 2005, provided by David Robinson
Genesee Power Station EPA Investigation Findings
Lilian Dorka To Heidi Grether, EPA, 1.19.2017
Metropolitan Areas with Greatest Percentage of Blacks Living in Communities with Uncontrolled Toxic Waste, 1987
Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States, Commission for Racial Justice, United Church of Christ, 1987
Metropolitan Areas with Significantly Greater % of Black Population in Areas with Uncontrolled Toxic Waste, 1987
% of Blacks in Communities with Uncontrolled Toxic Waste, 1987
Map of well-maintained census tracts in Genesee Country from the Urban League of Flint's 1975 "How Wide the Gap" report
Urban League of Flint, "How Wide the Gap", 1975, Local History and Genealogy Room, Flint Public Library
2 Mostly Black Schools May Miss Enrollment Goals
Goldberg, Herman, Letter to Donald Crowder, August 15, 1978, Civil Rights Violation, 1977-78 (Folder 15), Box 150, Donald W. Riegle Jr. Papers, University of Michigan Flint Frances Willson Thompson Genesee Historical Collection Center
DPD Fatal Force Policy (in part) 1986-1995
Detroit Police Department, 1987 Manual- Vol III Chapter 10- Firearms Policy, 1987
Robinson Statement Concerning Sight of Subject
Flint Schools Application for Federal Aid, 1980
Flint School District, Emergency School Aid Act (ESAA) Application, December 1, 1980, ESAA Grant, 1980-1981 (Folder 16), Box 150, Donald W. Riegle Jr. Papers, University of Michigan Flint Frances Willson Thompson Genesee Historical Collection Center
"Teen to Be Tried in Arson Death," Detroit Free Press, February 20, 1971, ProQuest
Front Page of Flint Journal, February 10, 1987
Flint Journal, February 10, 1987, NewsBank
A good example of the juxtaposition between the way the local media covered the death of Williams and the arrest of Morris
Robert T. Hinds v People of the State of Michigan, No. 243040, 2004 Michigan Courts, CoA(February 24, 2004).
Gov. Engler, 1994 Criminal Justice Reform Agenda
Flint Journal Article from July 3, 1987 publication
Ken Palmer, "Morris faces life in prison for slaying 6," July 3, 1987, Flint Journal, NewsBank
An example of media coverage of Terry Morris after the incident, including a villainous cartoon representation of his image.
Flint Schools to Seek Extension from HEW
Michigan Court of Appeals Document- People v. Moran
"Prosecutor's Perspective on Crime Package"
Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan, "Prosecutor's Perspective on Crime Package", January 1989, Folder "Criminal Justice, Corres", Box 350, Blanchard Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Letter from P.A.M. to Gov Blanchard in approval of the crime package.
"Freed juvenile lifer gets a second chance at motherhood," Nicquel Terry Ellis, The Detroit News, July 30, 2018.
Facts About Youth Sentenced to Life Without Parole in Michigan
"Facts About Youth Sentenced to Life Without Parole in Michigan", Corrections, Granholm Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
Semaj Moran held at Carson City Correctional Facility
Opening a New Front in Michigan's WAR ON CRIME Speech, 1992
John Engler, Opening a New Front in Michigan's WAR ON CRIME, 4/29/1992, War on Crime, Box 116, John Enger Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
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